458 Forestry Quarterly. 



sition, or else it is lost. Beech and fir are naturally regenerated 

 as a matter of course. There are also sites where only what dies 

 is to be taken out, and one must be grateful for whatever nature 

 provides. 



Altogether, careful consideration as to species and site must 

 determine where natural regeneration is practicable. For oak, 

 on bottom lands, there can be no question as to natural regener- 

 ation : grass and water prevent it ; planting is successful, espec- 

 ially after agricultural use of the ground. In other sites where 

 oak is at home, either natural or artificial regeneration with grad- 

 ual opening is indicated wherever natural volunteer growth is 

 found. 



As to spruce, no species can be more surely regenerated arti- 

 ficially ; but it must be carefully managed, namely, by making 

 small felling areas to prevent dying out, and utilizing volunteer 

 growth. But, although in some situations natural regeneration is 

 successful, planting is more so. 



In spite of the dangers which accompany it if not properlv 

 done, for pine, artificial reproduction is the only satisfactory 

 method. According to the author's 60 years of observation in 

 various districts, wherever pine and spruce are mixed there is 

 plenty volunteer growth of spruce to be found, but not of pine. 

 In pure stands, opening up is apt to deteriorate soil conditions. 

 Under cover, "damping off" is more frequent than in open cul- 

 tures. The use of volunteer growth of pine is questionable. 



In conclusion, the author points out that the return wave of 

 enthusiasm for natural regeneration emanates again from South 

 Germany, where the mildness of the climate, the frequency of 

 seed years, the fertile soil, the mixture of species, all conspire to 

 make natural regeneration more readily successful. 



Wiederkehrende Stromungen. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt. 

 September-October, 1909. Pp. 453"46i. 



An unusually thoughtful discussion by 



Principles Forstrat Schubert on the applicability of 



of the French method of thinning in deciduous 



Thinning woods develops the principles underlying 



in the the practice of thinning so lucidly that we 



Dominant. brief it at length. 



Hartig's teachings which still pervade 

 most of the practice in thinnings were based on the principle that 



