190 



JOURNAL OP HOBTIOULTUBE AND COTTAGE GARDENER 



f August 27, 1874. 



as if thankful for the brief respite from the knife. Their long 

 hranohes had scarcely more than a year's growth before they 

 were actually weighed down with fruit. We had a little less 

 of symmetry, but a deal more of satisfaction. Our first real 

 crop was obtained in 18G2, since which period it has varied 

 from year to year, constantly increasing, and in 1873 measured 

 2200 bushels. 



As we have stated, we have fruited since 1842 more than 

 1500 varieties, probably 2000. More than one-half of our trees 

 have been grafted over, so that our collection is reduced to 

 some 300 varieties. Thirty trees of Glou Morceau, Beurru 

 d'Aremberg, Easter Beurrc, and others, we regraftod last 

 month. 



The trees are slightly enriched every autumn, and the ground 

 lightly dug every spring ; every two or three years some of the 

 longest branches are shortened-iu to prevent them from becom- 

 ing too thickly crowded, and no other care has been given them 

 the last ten years. — C. M. Hovey, Boston, Mass. — [American 

 Gardener's Monthly.) 



GLAZING WITHOUT PUTTY. 



The Journal has from time to time contained suggestions 

 and drawings of methods for avoiding the necessity of putty 

 for the glass in greenhouses, and a recent number contained 

 one which, though good, necessitates " packing " with nail-bag 

 strand saturated with white lead. The accompanying drawing 

 avoids this necessity, and all substitutes for putty, as will be 

 seen on reference to it. 



Fig. 56. 



The left-hand side of the sashbar b (fig. 56), is hoUowed- 

 out to half the depth to form a channel, c, for the rain ; the 

 right-hand side at top, a, is bevelled for the glass to rest upon. 

 On the sashbar is a cap, d, which may be rounded as in the 

 drawing, or triangular, which would be more easily made ; this 

 may be permanently nailed on. Place the sheet of glass, c, 

 on the bevelled part of the sashbar, pressing it well under 

 the cap, and fix it by means of two or more pieces of lead 

 clamps, L. 



In addition to the usual inclination in the roof, there is also 

 a fall from left to right in the glass, which projects halfway 

 over the channel, the projection on the one hand and the cap 

 on the other entirely preventing the rain from penetrating. 

 A greater fall could be given to the glass by lowering the 

 channel in the sashbar. A broken pane of glass can easily 

 be replaced, or the whole may be removed for the purpose of 

 being painted. — S. B. 



NOTES AND GLEANINGS. 



It is not generally known that the MAiDENniin Fern when 

 cut and placed in water along with other plants speedily 

 withers, but if kept by itself it will last for days. This curious 

 phenomenon is more apparent if Mignonette or Heliotrope is 

 along with it. Can this be owing to the odour emitted by 

 these flowers ? 



The Dromoke Heaung Company, formed for carrying 



into operation Cowan's system of heating by the aid of lime, 

 is now established, and we are informed that they are erecting 

 the apparatus in many places. 



AccoEDiNo to experiments lately made at Saint-Gobain , 



with PULVERISED BONES OF COD, from the fisheries at St. Pierre 

 and Miquelon, it has been recognised that their debris could 

 be used with great advantage as fertilising matter ; but the 

 quantities procured on the beach, where the fishermen leave 

 them, would not be sufficient to furnish the basis of a large 

 industry. The governing committee of the French permanent 

 Exposition des Colonics is casting about, we learn, for a means 

 of extending the supply. As far back as 1851 M. Demolon 

 founded an establishment in Newfoundland, where the debris 

 were boiled, dried, after extraction of the oil, and pulverised. 

 Since then the idea has oeen taken up in Norway, and there 

 is a growing demand in Germany and elsewhere for the pul- 

 verulent fish-manures. The fishermen of St. Pierre and Mi 

 quelon throw away the viscera, the middle skeleton, and most 

 of the hefld of the cod ; now they supply annually seven to 

 eight millions of kilogrammes of prepared fish, and it is 

 estimated that 890 kilogrammes of these give 1000 kilogrammes 

 of debris; there is thus an enormous waste. The fishermen of 

 the open sea could not probably be induced to keep the debris, 

 and all that can be counted on at present is the local fishery, 

 yielding about 2000 tons. 



So3iE time ago the Paris authorities set up a large 



steam-engine at Clichy to supply the sandy plain of Genne- 

 villiers, on the opposite side of the Seine, with sewage water. 

 The experiment has proved successful. The " Journal of the 

 Society of Arts " says that the market gardeners are now eager 

 for a full supply, and the machinery is not powerful enough for 

 the extension of the service. The complaints of the increasing 

 foulness of the river from the sewage still turned into it have 

 become so loud, that it has been determined to erect another 

 engine at the same place, so as to draw oS 1000 to 1200 litres 

 of sewage per second, which is about half the quantity brought 

 by the collector ; at the same time large conduits in masonry 

 are to be constructed to cari-y the sewage to points which it 

 has not yet reached. The cost of this work will be about 

 £40,000. 



There are several modes of marking zinc labels, the 



following are two of them : — Chloride of platinum dissolved 

 in water wOl produce a permanent black stain on zinc. Use 

 about a drachm to a half-pint of distilled or rain water. A 

 strong solution of either nitrate of sOver or sulphate of copper 

 apphed with a brush or a silver pen to the plate will have the 

 desired effect. The plate must be well cleaned first. — (Enijlish 

 Meclianic and World of Science.) 



We notice with much pleasure that the Society of 



Arts has issued a prospectus of Examinations in the Tr n- 

 NOLOGY OF Agriculture and Eural Economy, proposed to be 

 held annually by the Society, as a part of its excellent system 

 of technological examinations in the various industries of the 

 country. We sincerely hope that the proposed examinations 

 will be largely the means of carrying out the object which the 

 Society has in view in instituting them — viz., the promotion 

 of a more extended and intelligent study of agriculture and of 

 the sciences bearing upon it, by those intending to adopt farm- 

 ing as an occupation. The examinations will consist of three 

 parts : — 1, General Science, in which a very wide knowledge of 

 the various sciences which lie at the basis of successful agri- 

 culture is demanded from the candidates ; there are three 

 certificates in this department — the elementary certificate, the 

 advanced certificate, and honours. 2, Technology, in which 

 a knowledge of the many points connected with agriculture 

 and rural economy will be demanded from the candidates pro- 

 portioned to the class in which they may have passed in the 

 previous examinations ; this examination looks very formidable 

 on paper, and to pass creditably in it will demand extensive 

 reading and hard work on the part of the candidates. 3, Prac- 

 tical Knowledge ; under this head the candidate must forward 

 to the Society of Arts a certificate, on a form supplied, signed 

 by some agriculturist with whom he may have been practically 

 engaged in farming operations, showing that he has a practical 

 acquaintance with the subject. In order to render these exa- 

 minations really useful, the Council are making application to 

 the agricultural societies, local and general, for assistance in 

 founding scholarships for successful candidates to undergo a 

 regular course of instruction at an Agricultural College. We 



