May 21, 1874, ] 



JOURNAL OF H03TIGULTURE AND COTTAQB GARDENER, 



411 



shortened bBck, and in tliis way you will, in the course of four years, get the 

 trees into f,Mod shape. Nearly all the back volumes give directions for 

 managing fruit trees. 



Strawbeiuues for Light Soil (Mc?».\— Keens' Seedling, President, Sir 

 Charles N^iiier, Premier, La Constante, and Frogmore Late Pine. Trench 

 the ground as deeply as you can if you cannot get down 2 feet. Add plenty 

 of farniyoi'd manure at the same time. See vohime xxi.,page 8i,new series. 



ViNERV Management [A Niw ice).— Figs do bettor under the shado of 

 Vines than any other fruit tree; if yon have room plant Bourjassotte Griso 

 and Brown Turkey Fig-i. Want of water at the roots would cause the Figs to 

 drop. Thin the growths out if they are crowded, and should any Rross shoots 

 take the lead pinch their points out. If the Vine shoots are crowded thin 

 them out ; those that remain and show for fruit should bo stopped two loaves 

 beyond the bnnch. The shoot enclosed would not have had any bunches on 

 it this year ; all that have not shown fruit now will not show this season. 



Pinching Fruit Tree Shoots (Mem).— If you do not wish the trees to 

 increase in size, pinch or cut back the young growths to four or five leaves in 

 June. If you wish the trees to increase in size quickly, only pinch the points 

 out at that time. That would be the treatment for jiyramids. For espaliers 

 train the leading growths along the wu-es, and cut the eide shoots back to 

 three or four leaves. We cannot say what it is that is barking the old wood; 

 watch at night with a lamp. It soems to be done by mice. 



Figs in Pots (A Constant Ri-adtr). — It is of no use trying to grow Figs 

 as standards in the open air. They will succeed in the orchard house grown 

 in pots. They require a rich compost. Turfy loam four parts, one part rotted 

 manure, and some crushed bones mixed with the compost are the best mate- 

 rial for them to grow in. About the end of -Tune, when the trees are rooting 

 freely, the surface of tho pots should ho dressed with loam and manure in 

 equal pai-ts. The leading growths should he stopped at the fourth or 0fth 

 leaf. Syringe freely, aud shut up tlie house early in the afternoon. It is not 

 necessary to use very large pots. We have gathered excellent Figs from trees 

 in 9 and 10-inch pots. 



BosES Injured by Insects {W. Snrik). — They are a species of weevil, 

 Otiorhynchus ovatus. Your only remedy is to spread a white cloth beneath the 

 tree on the wall; go at night wiion they are oirt feeding, and brush the tree 

 with a hand broom. The marauders will fall on tho cloth, and this repeated 

 on two or three following nights will subdue them. 



Tomato Culture {R. G. M.). — The shoots should be thinned when they 

 crowd each other, and if they show fruit plentifully no stopping need be 

 resorted to. If the growths are gross, and the fruit or show for fruit dis- 

 tant, stop at the thii'd or fourth joiut, and to ensure the swelling of tho fruit 

 stop at the joint beyond the cluster, but not if fruit is there showing, as it is 

 evident the plants are in a good bearing state, no stopping being required to 

 induce fruitful growths. It is well to remove most of the large leavee, but do 

 not make too gi'eat a clearance at once. Go over the plants frequently, stop- 

 ping, thinning the shoots, and removing any large leaves which shade tho 

 fruit too much. There is no limit to the fruit that ought to be left on a plant, 

 b\it a cluster of three may ripen in every square foot of surface ; thinning 

 «h,iuld be confined to the small fruit, leaving the finest to ripen, say, three ou 

 each cluster. Water abundantly and with liquid manure in dry weather. The 

 question of Cucumber-thinning is a difficult one, as so much depends on the 

 vigour of the plants and pxteut uf surface allowed to each plant ; but asyou say 

 " ripen " we presume you want them for seed, and for that you will not require 

 more than half a dozen fruit per plant, but if to cut when fit you may allow 

 one fruit to every square foot of surface every ten days or a fortnight conse- 

 cutively throughout the season. 



Select Dahlias (T. C.).— The following are good and not expensive. I 

 Shoiv. — Alexander Cramond, Andrew Dodds, Chairman, Charles Eaukhouse, 

 Charlotte Dorling, Criterion. Fla-,' of Truce, High Sheriff, James Cocker, Juhn 

 Standish, Kate Haelam, Leah, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Maid of Essex, 

 Mrs. Henshaw, No Plus Ultra, Sam Naylor, Toisin d'Or, and Umpire. 

 Fancy. — Chameleon, Dolly Varclen, Ebor, Fanny Sturt, Flossie Williams, 

 Marquis of Lome, Negress, Pauline, Queen Mab, SamBartlett, Sparkler, and 

 Viceroy, You may obtain them through any of the florists who adveitise in 

 our columns. You will find full directions for culture in " Florists' Flowers,'' 

 which you can have free by post from our oflice for 4hd. 



Rose Leaves Brown-blotched (E. S. Turner). — Deficient supply of sap 

 is the cause. Water the roots plentifully and once a-week with vejy weak 

 liquid manure. Muloh the surface over the roots, and keep ou the mulching 

 all the summer. 



Names of Plants (N. W.). — The Summer Snowflake, Leucojura iestivum. 

 (JIf.). — We cannot name plants from leaves only, and much less are we able 

 from a piece of a leaf. {Constant Rentier). — Viburnum Lantana. {Lifnt.- 

 CqI. W.). — Not in flower; perhaps Prunus virginiana. {Scar.). — Melica 

 uniflora. (J. Morgan d- Son). — A sight of the flower is absolutely neceasaiy. 

 (Jlfac). — 1, Raxifra:-;a hypnoides var. ; 2, Claytonia sibirica; 3, Valerianella 

 olitoria; 4,Saxifragarotunfiifolia; 5, Phlox subulata; 6,Sendagain. {W.T.). 

 ^Lonicera alpigena. {0. M.). — 2 is a Bouvardia, but you must send better 

 specimens if you want names. 



POULTRY, BEE, AND PIGEOIT GHROMOLE. 



THE POULTRY-KEEPER.— No. 3. 



THE PLDMAGE. 



"Wits the hen there may be three kinds of feathers <lifl- 

 tingnished — 1, the large feiithers ou the wings for iiying, and 

 on the rump to form the tail ; 2, the middle-sized feathers, 

 which cover over the large feathers and are also fonnd on the 

 wing and rump ; 3, the small feathers which cover the neck, the 

 back, the sides, the throat, the shoulders, and a part of the 

 wings. They are all of various sizes and forms in each of the 

 three kinds of feathers. They are always in layers com- 

 pactly covering those beneath them like tiles. "We shall de- 

 signate them by the name nf the places they occupy, or the 

 position they hold, and will refer to the engravings to render 

 them easy to recognise {Jujs. 6, 7, 8, and 9). The letters of 

 reference correspond with those of the four engravings, bo that 



if one explanation is hardly clear, it helps and is helped by the 

 other. 



A, The upper feathers of the head are very small in those 

 fowls not tufted. They surround the skull. 



13, The underneath feathers of the head are almost like 

 bristles. They cover the cheeks in the space which separates 

 the wattles. 



c. The upper feathers and those at the back of the neck are 

 short and lengthening lower down, forming what is called the 

 hackle. They become longer between the shoulders, where they 

 cover the beginning of those ou the back and the commeuDement 

 of the wings. 



D, The front feathers of the neck extend from the top of the 

 neck to the breast, and over the large feathers. 



E, The feathers of the back forming a layer about Om. 10. 

 These feathers of the same nature as those of the neck but a 

 little larger and form the saddle. 



F, The feathers of the breast cover the entire length of the 

 two breast muscles, extending beyond the breastbone ou each 

 side and uniting at its end. The whole forma what is termed 

 the breast. These feathers conjointly with the feathers of the 

 loins overlap those of the sides. 



G, The feathers ou the sides cover the loins, taking-in the 

 back as far as the rump, which they go beyond and cover tho 

 lower part of the feathers of the tail. They also cover the com- 

 mencement of the feathers of the flanks, thighs, and abdomen. 



H, The feathers of the flanks are light and fluffy. They cover 

 the upper part of the thigh feathers and slip under those of the 

 breast. 



I, The feathers of the abdomen cover and envelope all this 

 part from the end of the breast to the rump. These feathers 

 are generally fluffy, of a silky nature, and spread-out in a tuft. 



J, The outside feathers of the thigh cover those of the ab- 

 domen and leg. 



K, The inside feathers of the thigh are flattened and of a silky 

 nature. 



L, The outside and inside feathers of the leg stop at the heel, 

 or in some varieties they proceed lower and form what are 

 called rufiies or vultured hocks. 



sr. The feathers of the feet or sole are long, short, or entirely 

 absent in the different varieties. These feathers are aloug the 

 shank in either one or several rows. They are always on the 

 outside part. 

 N, The feathers of the toes appear on the outsides. 

 0, The middle tail feathers envelope the rump, and cover the 

 bases of the large feathers of the tail. 



p, The large tail feathers are in a regular line of seven ou 

 each side of the rump, and form the tail. 



Q, The outside feathers of the shoulder cover a part of tho 

 other feathers of the wing. They form the shoulder. 



R, The inside feathers of the shoulder are smaU, thin, and 

 slender. 



s. The large feathers of the pinion form, when the wing is 

 opened, a large arched surface, and are of differeut sizes. These 

 feathers grow out of the under side of the pinion. They are 

 partly covered by 



T, The small outside feathers of the pinion. These feathers 

 are of different sizes. They come on all the outside surface 

 from the shoulder to the pinion. They begin quite small ou 

 the outside edge, and finish a medium size on the under edge. 



u. The inside feathers of the pinion are close, middle-sized, 

 and small, covering the bases of the large feathers of the pinion. 

 V, The large flight- feathers or feathers of the hand are large 

 and strong, and are of most use to the bird in locomotion. They 

 begin at the under edge of that which is called the tip of the 

 wing. 



X, The outside flight-feathers cover the large ones, they are 

 stiff and well flattened on the others. 



Y, The inside flight-feathers are some small and others 

 medium-sized, cover the bases of the flight-feathers. 



z, An appendix called the pommel of the wing which re- 

 presents the fingered part. It is at the joint of the pinion, and 

 has some middle-sized feathers of the same description as the 

 large pinion-feathers, and have some small ones to cover them. 

 These feathers assist iu the flight. 



When the whole wing is folded, almost all the feathers are 

 hidden by the large feathers of the pinion and middle external 

 feathers. The classification of the feathers of the cock are the 

 same as those of the hen, but the forms of some of them are dif- 

 ferent. With the cock the feathers which form the hackle are 

 fine, fine-pointed, lengthened, displayed like a mane on the 

 shoulders, and covering a part of the breast and the feathers 

 behind the neck. Those of the back are very much of the 

 same forms as in the hen. Those of the loins are also similar, 

 but become larger as they approach the rump, hiding the 

 abdomen and covering the thighs with pendant, long-pointed 

 feathers. The middle feathers of the wing-ooverts, without 

 being pointed, participate of this nature. The middle feathers 

 covering the tail change completely in form and size, being in 

 the cock larger. They are of ilifferent proportions, and have all 



