i62 Forestry Quarterly. 



(a) According to the Manual this clause is "desirable in 

 the larger sales to indicate definitely to the purchaser the pro- 

 portion of the stand which he will be permitted to log." 



In western yellow pine stands in District 3 this is usually 

 33 per cent. ; in the same species in District 6 the per cent, 

 would be 20 to 25 — less rather than more on account of the 

 ease of reproduction, (b) is used when marking scenic reserves; 

 all dead trees and unhealthy living trees within such a reserved 

 strip should be felled. One hundred feet on each side of a 

 road is perhaps too narrow a reservation for an open stand 

 like western yellow pine; 200 to 300 feet would be better if 

 such a width could be amicably agreed upon with the purchaser, 

 (c) was designed to correct a common error in marking; in 

 the case in point the local officers had marked too 

 large a proportion of "black jack" in previous sales, (d) Here 

 the method of marking and cutting was evidently demonstrated 

 to the purchaser to prevent any misunderstanding. 



In the early days there were no written marking rules; the 

 second step in the development of marking was to draw up elabo- 

 rate marking rules ; then came the establishment of a marking 

 board (started in D 3) to mark representative stands in large and 

 important sales ; finally the plan is on foot to mark sample areas 

 on each type or variation of type in each forest. Such an area 

 was marked on the Apache Forest (D 3) 1910. (e) illustrates 

 the demonstration of marking methods to a prospective purchaser, 

 (f ) to (i) illustrate the development of marking methods. 



UTILIZATION OF TOPS. 



21 (a) Green timber which will cut a log not less than inches 



in diameter at the top and not less than feet long, and for 



diameters over inches containing not less than per cent. 



of merchantable lumber of any grade, and for smaller diameters not less 

 than per cent, of merchantable lumber of any grade will be con- 

 sidered merchantable. Dead timber which will cut a log not less than 



inches in diameter at the top and not less than , per 



cent, of merchantable. (The diameters and per cents depending upon 

 character of material and local market conditions, (m) 



(b) Tops will be used for mining timbers, cross-ties, posts and cord- 

 wood whenever possible, (m) 



(c) Dead timber, whether in tops or small trees, less than five inches 

 in diameter at the big end, suitable for ties, shall be so utilized. Green 

 aspen, whether in tops of trees cut for props or in standing trees six 

 inches or less in diameter will be taken for ties when designated for cut- 

 ting by the Forest officers, (aspen, a. f., Manti, D4, 1909)- 



(d) All trees will, if possible, be utilized to the diameter of six mches 

 in the tops. Trees between 11 inches and 15 inches in diameter, breast 



