288 Forestry Quarterly. 



As regards number of samples, for the upper layer of 4 inches, 

 where the greatest variation is found, 12 samples are taken; for 

 the next 4 inches only 8; and for the third 4 inches, 4 samples 

 suffice. Special ways are used in coarse soil. 



The contents of the sampler are divided into coarse and fine 

 soil, dried at 105° C and weighed. The specific weight of the 

 coarse soil is determined directly; but the fine soil has supposedly 

 been changed by drying, hence an additional sample is taken, al- 

 lowed to become air dry and used to determine the weight ; then 

 by drying to 105° C the hygroscopic water is determined, which 

 permits determining by calculation the weight for the same degree 

 of dryness. The calculations are given. Investigations to 

 simplify the procedure for forest soils are under way. 



SILVICULTURE, PROTECTION AND EXTENSION. 



Hatt gives a description of White Pine 

 White Pine plantations in the neighborhood of Epinal 



on in Southern France, now 45 to 60 years old, 



Lozvlands. which were made on marshy ground be- 



tween coppice of oak, birch and alder and 

 on brushland. Spruce planted with the pine has developed poorly 

 or disappeared. 



One area, about 8 acres, had been clear-cut in 1865. In 1873 it 

 was a poor, open coppice, when the plantation was made. In 191 1 

 it is a pole wood of White Pine, ready for regeneration. The soil 

 is covered with a thick mat of needles, only occasionally with 

 mosses and herbs. The trees bear seed annually, but the seedlings 

 cannot live under the shade of their mother trees. These are 

 liable to fungus disease and windfall on account of shallow root 

 system in the shallow soil. Hence they should be reproduced so 

 early. 



The volume and value calculation is particularly interesting. 

 The volume of the 150 trees per acre, running from 8 to 20 inches 

 diameter (and one tree of 24 inches, at 46 years) with an average 

 below 12 inches, was 3,300 cubic feet or an increment of nearly y2 

 cubic feet per year per acre. The cubic foot on the stump is 

 valued at 10 cents, hence the value per acre is $330. The original 

 soil was worth hardly $16, the cost of planting including drainage 



