360 Forestry Quarterly. 



work in relation to its final practical returns. One may cut a 

 given stand in a way to secure the maximum of reproduction and 

 final product in volume and quality, and yet the conditions may 

 be such that the cost would be prohibitive. He must often operate 

 at a less cost with a full realization that the results in production 

 will be smaller. Applied silviculture must always go hand in 

 hand with practical consideration of logging and disposal of the 

 products. 



With the fundamental principles mastered, the instructor takes 

 up the various silvicultural methods as used in this country and 

 abroad. Text books are now available which deal with these in 

 their application to American conditions. 



What has been said of the methods of reproduction applies 

 equally to the work of improvement cuttings. Emphasis should 

 be laid on the importance of extensive field practice. Every 

 student should have practical training in marking for both re- 

 production and improvement cuttings, and to see cuttings carried 

 on. He should also be given a chance to see stands where cut- 

 tings have been previously made, and to study the results obtained. 

 In all this work the cost of the silvicultural work and the cost of 

 marketing the timber selected for cutting should be made a 

 feature of inquiry. 



Forest Seeding and Planting (Artificial Reproduction). The 

 scope and purpose of this section of Silviculture is already clearly 

 indicated by its title. It should comprise the following points : 



1. Forest Seed. Seed production of forest trees. Collection of seed 

 and their storage; extraction of coniferous seed; seed drying houses; de- 

 termination of the quality of seed; apparatus for germination of seed; 

 stratification and other methods of accelerating seed germination. 



2. Tools for Use in the Nursery and in Field Sowing and Planting. 

 Various types of plows, harrows, spades, rakes, and mattocks ; tools for 

 planting; tools for stirring up the soil in the nursery. 



3. Forest Nursery and Transplant Beds. Location of nurseries ; estab- 

 lishment of seed and transplant beds; making of furrows; sowing of seed; 

 care of seed beds; weeding; lifting and packing of plants; special methods 

 of raising certain species. 



4. Sowing and Planting in the Field. Direct seeding and planting; 

 choice of methods; broadcast sowing; tools for broadcast sowing; sowing 

 in strips and in spots ; tools for strip and spot sowing ; different methods 

 of planting; selection of planting sites; subsequent care of plantation. 



5. Sowing and Planting for Special Purposes, a. Fixation of shifting 

 sands; water, wind, and man as causes of formation of shifting sands; 

 importance of forest growing on sand ; sand dunes ; fixing of coast, conti- 

 nental, and river sand dunes; b. Checking erosion; fixation and forestation 



