European Study for Foresters. 431 



who judge the success of forestry by its return in dollars and 

 cents. 



In Silviculture some of the special points of interest are : 



Management of Scotch Pine in Eberswalde (Prussia) ; manage- 

 ment of Norway Spruce in Saxony (Tharandt) ; management of 

 Oak in Bavaria (Spessart) ; Management of Beech in Bavaria 

 (Spessart) ; management of mixed stands; spruce and fir domi- 

 nating in low mountains — the Black Forest, in high mountains — 

 Bavarian Alps. 



Natural regeneration : by selection system and shelter wood 

 selection system — spruce and fir — Black Forest, (Baden) ; by 

 shelterwood system — spruce and fir — Black Forest (Wiirtem- 

 berg) ; by shelterwood strips and by groups — spruce and fir — 

 Bavarian Alps ; by border cutting — spruce — especially near Tryp- 

 fetadt in Wiirttemberg (Wagner's Blendersaumschlag). 



Artificial Regeneration : clear cutting and restocking : Pine in 

 Prussia (Eberswalde) — Spruce in Saxony (Tharandt). 



Improvement Cuttings : thinnings from below — everywhere ; 

 for pine — Prussia (Eberswalde) ; for spruce — Saxony (Thar- 

 andt). 



Seed extracting and storing: Prussia (the "Darren" at Anna- 

 burg and Konitz). 



Nursery practice — commercial nurseries of J. Heins Sons, 

 (Halstenbek near Hamburg). 



Underplanting — beech and other hardwood under pine — 

 Prussia (Eberswalde) ; under spruce — Saxony (Tharandt). 



In Forest Protection some of the most noteworthy achievements 

 in Germany are: against game — Black Forest; against insects — 

 Gypsy Moth in Silesia, Saxony, Bavaria, etc. ; against fungi — 

 Prussia, cutting of infected trees ; against shifting sands — dunes 

 on the coast of the Baltic Sea ; interior sands in Prussia, near 

 Eberswalde; against smoke and gas — Saxony (Dresden, Freiberg, 

 Tharandt, etc.). 



In Forest Management, Saxony is probably the most advanced 

 in modern methods of yield regulation and its method by stands 

 (Judeich's "Bestandswirtschaft") is worth particular study 

 (Tharandt, Prof. Dr. Martin). Prussia is typical of the hide- 

 bound volume and area method ("Fachwerk"), but here Prof. 

 Dr. Schwappach, Eberswalde, has done some splendid work in 



