Forest Types of Baden. 445 



cases is as follows : Strips of the best soil are marked out on the 

 area to be regenerated and the litter is then removed and put up at 

 auction. After the stand has been cut over and the stumps re- 

 moved, the purchaser of this litter has then to dig over and pre- 

 pare the soil, any roots that he may extract becoming his property. 

 The price obtained for the litter under such conditions is naturally 

 small. This area is then sown with Pine seeds broadcast. The 

 yearling Pines are afterwards transplanted in the neighborhood 

 on plats from which the litter has also been removed but without 

 any subsequent preparation of the soil. 



Some years ago attempts were made to form a number of mixed 

 stands in this district by planting alternate rows of Scotch Pine, 

 Austrian Pine, Hornbeam and Oak, but the effect was merely to 

 produce rather roomy and knotty Sctoch Pine stands which species 

 has overtopped and crowded out the others. 



We find in the older Scotch Pine stands a lower story of broad- 

 leafed species from natural regeneration of the old broadleafed 

 stands, but this is quite absent in the younger stands. The latter 

 should now be underplanted with Hornbeam, as the soil is too 

 dry and sandy for Beech. 



It has been found that in pure coniferous stands the needles 

 will not easily disintegrate and unless mixed with broadleaf 

 foliage will sometimes produce a raw humus and cause a for- 

 mation known as "hard pan," three feet or so below the surface 

 of the soil. In addition, unless there is an admixture of broad- 

 leafed species, the soil becomes so dry that all insects find good 

 winter quarters there, especially Gastropacha pini, the Pine Moth. 



As to the financial results of these forests, we find that they 

 produce a net revenue per year and hectare of 70 marks ($6.75 

 per acre). The forest capital may be estimated at 3,ock) marks 

 and the soil valued at 500 marks per hectare, a total capital of 

 3,500 marks ($2894-48:=$337 per acre), which, therefore, pays 

 only 2%. The sales from litter are not here included as they 

 exhaust the soil and should be given up. The average return 

 from minor produce is about 12 marks per hectare ($1.15 per 

 acre). 



4. The Forests of the Bauland. The Bauland or familand, the 

 undulating upland country to the north of the Black Forest 

 varies in height from 100-300 meters and consists of a deep layer 



