528 Forestry Quarterly. 



and loves light like pine and larch ; it goes with oak, elm and maple 

 to the farthest limits of the savannah where birch has long dis- 

 appeared ; it is inseparable from linden, occurs with ash, alder, 

 poplar and hornbeam, ascends to sandy hills, descends to boggy- 

 lowlands, stands the severe frost of the Northeast, and the sun- 

 scald of the plains. Yet in some directions it is selective. On 

 dry sands it vanishes earlier than the birch, it does not stand 

 stagnant water, not even in the sub-soil, but it can support chang- 

 ing and temporarily deficient moisture. Its best development it 

 attains on the fresh loam soils of the north with a high ground- 

 water table. No distinction is made in its north and south dis- 

 tribution, except that its growth in the southern field of its dis- 

 tribution is slightly retarded." 



Kriidener then makes four form types : I. Well formed 

 branchless stems with high crowns, ^ to J of the upper bole ; form 

 factor 517 to 419. Crown cover .8 to i. Ila. As before but the 

 crown occupying fully half the bole. Form factor 457 to 401. 

 Branches thin and without shoulders. Stem visible to the top 

 through the branches which appear as if only pasted on. Crown 

 cover .6, small side shade. lib. Crown more than half the bole, 

 stouter branches with shoulders. Form factor 437-397. Impres- 

 sion as if bole divides up into branches. Taper not gradual but 

 in steps above each branch. Strong light, crown cover .4. III. 

 Crown, f of bole. Taper rapid by steps. Bole conical ; the 

 farther up the more dividing into branches. Roomy stand, .1 to 



•3- 



The age 45 to 80 is the important one, when growth is so uni- 

 form that in the tables no dififerentiation appears. After the 

 85th year form factor falls off rapidly. Kriidener has prepared 

 volume tables for Aspen based on thousands of measurements for 

 which these types or form classes have served; also tables of 

 assortments, for pure and mixed stands. 



Klassen-und Abfalltabellcn filr die Kiefer, etc. Zeitschrift fiir Forst-u. 

 Jagdwesen. July, 1912. Pp. 453-455- 



