Periodical Literature. 553 



With 63% of the total area wooded lumber- 



Conditions ing is the main industry. The principal 



in species are pine, spruce, and birch. There 



Finland. is also some red and white alder and aspen. 



Growth is slow on account of the adverse 



climatic conditions. In the southern part the average length of 



time required to grow a sawlog 7 meters long and 25 centimeters 



in average diameter is iii years for all species and 116 years for 



spruce. To attain the same dimensions in the middle of Finland 



142 years are necessary on the average and 153 years for spruce. 



In the northern part the average time for all species is 175 years 



and 202 years' for spruce. 



Between 1870 and 1908 the number of sawmills increased from 

 132 to 159 and the output of sawtimber over 200% from 1885- 

 1908. In the wood pulp industry there has been a like increase. 

 In 1885 there were only 11 mills producing 16,458 tons while the 

 42 mills in operation in 1908 turned out 119,488 tons of pulp. 

 However, with the increase of the exports of sawtimber and wood 

 pulp the naval store industry has diminished. The minor forest 

 products are birch bark, pine cones, charcoal, peat, and berries. 



There is no export duty to Russia but a tax is placed upon 

 pine and spruce shipped to England, France, Holland, and 

 Germany. These countries take most of the larger timber, while 

 firewood is sold to Russia and Sweden. 



Die Holzlieferung des Grossfiirstentums Finnland. Forstwissen. Cen- 

 tralblatt. March, 1912. Pp. 175-176. 



POLITICS AND LEGISLATION. 



With approximately 37% of its total area de- 

 Forest Area voted to raising forest crops Bavaria is 



in thought to have reached the point where its 



Bavaria. agricultural area cannot be further dimin- 



ished. From 1895-1897 2^% of the total 

 area was converted into forest area, military reservations, etc. 



Feld-, Wald-, und ForstpoUsei in Bavaria. Forstwiss. Centralblatt. 

 March, 1912. Pp. 134-140. 



