Timber Trade of Chinese Empire. 653 



Malayan, Japanese and indigenous sources, among them Quercus 

 seme — carpifolia, glauca, thessalica, as well as Pasania cuspidata, 

 formosana, and the truly Chinese brevicaiidata. Besides these, 

 buxus, magnolia, ilex, ternstromia, largerstromia, Olea, Camel- 

 lia species are found. Two valuable conifers of paleontological 

 times have survived : Cryptomeria japonica is found in the middle 

 provinces ; Cunninghamia sinensis, resembling Araucaria, is found 

 frequently in the south-east. Keteleeria Fortimei, the genus in- 

 digenous only in China, resembling fir, and Torreya are also fre- 

 quently found. Glyptostrobus heterophylla is the cypress in the 

 river swamps. One pine, Pimis sinensis, which occurs on poor 

 mountain slopes and reaches into the sub-tropic zone, is treated in 

 a kind of coppice management. North of the Kuen-Luen and 

 along the coast from Shantung north to the frontier of MangoHa 

 and into Mandschuria the deciduous forest flora prevails with 

 chestnut (2 or 3 species) characteristic of the southern, and beech 

 (Fagus longipes and chinensis) characteristic of the northern por- 

 tion. Some 58 species of oaks are enumerated by Hemsley, the 

 most important Quercus variabilis or Bungeana, a cork oak. 

 Quercus dentata, a magnificent tree and another cork oak Q. 

 serrata are quite frequent. 



With these associated are Zelkowa, specifically Chinese besides 

 the Japanese species, three species of Celtis, several Juglans, and 

 Paulownia, besides the familiar genera of Carpinus, Tilia, Acer, 

 Ulmus, Gleditsia, Catalpa, Magnolia, Ailanthus, Sophora, Rhus, 

 Alnus, Bethula, Populus, Sorbus. A Liriodendron so close to the 

 American as to be hardly distinguishable is also found. A host of 

 shrubs and halftrees occupies the understory. Of conifers, there 

 are Pinus Bungeana and Henryi, on the poor sands, Pinus Ar- 

 mandia and Koreensis on better soils, with Libocedrus macro- 

 lepis, Juniperus chinensis. Biota orient alis, and Cupressus. Abies 

 firma (?) and Pseudolarix Fortunei with several Piceas lead into 

 the northern coniferous forest type. Of the spruces, Picea 

 Ajaneusis, bicolor, Mastersii, Schrenkiana, besides four others un- 

 named, occupy the spruce zone on the mountain slopes, while 

 Tsuga, dumosa and Sieboldii, descend into the broadleaf forest; 

 several other Tsugas are doubtfully identified. Abies are doubt- 

 ful as to their occurrence, except possibly Abies Veitchii; but a 

 number of larches reach into Mandschuria and Mongolia, like 

 Larix dahurica, Griffithii, Sibirica and several others. 



