130 Re-mforced Concrete for Farm and Kstate Purposes. 



covered yards for cattle, stalls for tying up twelve cattle, 

 four-stall stable, two loose boxes chaff-house, and cart shed, 

 all of re-inforced concrete. The buildings are covered with 

 a galvanised iron roof carried on iron girders. In this case 

 the walls are composed of 7 in. concrete without piers. 



Another system will be found desfribed in the Journal of 

 the Land Agents' Society, Vol. IX., page 58. 



Leaving the question of buildings, re-inforced concrete is 

 availalile in many other ways for .farm and estate purposes. 

 At Knowlmere Manor, near Ciitheroe, tAvo suspension bridges 

 have been constructed by W. Peel, Esq., across the river 

 Hodder, in connection with a public footpath. The width 

 from bank to bank is about 57 ft., and in floodtime the river 

 rises with extraordinary rapidity, so that a structure of 

 exceptional strength is required. 



Mr. Geldart has applied his methods to the erection of a 

 water tower. It is 30 ft. high, and the tank at the top is 

 constructed to hold about 4,000 gallons. Although simply 

 constructed it has proved quite satisfactory. 



There are many smaller uses to which this material can be 

 put. Gate and fence posts, cisterns, drinking troughs and 

 feeding troughs, steps and staircases, culverts and bridges ; in 

 these and in many other ways ferro-concrete may be employed 

 on farm and estate, but as so much useful information on these 

 matters can be got from the publications of the cement 

 companies, they need no further notice here. 



Those who inspected the exhibit (Stand No. 2^-^:) of the 

 Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers (1900) Ltd. at the 

 Norwich Royal Show, 1911, will have realised something of the 

 possibilities of the material in many directions, and their book, 

 Every Day Uses of Portland Cement, illustrates all that was 

 demonstrated at the Show. 



Coming to the question of cost, there seems to be no doubt 

 but that the re-inforced concrete construction described above is 

 more economical for building purposes than l)rickwork, without 

 taking into account the possibility that it is also more enduring. 

 Given proper supervision, unskilled labour can replace, to a 

 large extent, the bricklayers, masons, carjaenters, and other 

 building tradesmen ordinardy employed. The 4 in. concrete 

 walls represent an enormous saving in materials, haulage, and 

 handling, over the 9 in. or 14 in. brickwork which they replace, 

 whilst there is a further saving both of material and labour in 

 the absence of footings and foundations. Concrete can be 

 used where brickwork could not, and fittings are worked in 

 with the structure which, if of iron, Avould be more costly, 

 -nd if of wood, neither so sanitary nor so durable. Even at 



