Middle-Class Education. 23 



The attendance on these schools was one in eight of the entire 

 population, about 3,000,0(J0. Besides these public schools there 

 are 944 higher educational establishments. 



In Greece there were, in 1852, 93(3 schools, public and private, 

 costing the State 26,772Z. King Otho established an Agricul- 

 tural School at Tiryns, but it proved a failure. 



One-seventh only of the area of Greece is under cultivation. 



In Italy, according to the official returns in 1863, the popula- 

 tion is computed at nearly 22,000,000. But this must be con- 

 sidered as only an approximation to the truth. There is a 

 Minister of Public Instruction, and also a Minister of Commerce, 

 Industry, and Agriculture. Great efforts have been made in the 

 cause of education, and most favourable results may be antici- 

 pated. Great part of the property confiscated from the Monastic 

 establishments has been devoted to public education ; and in 

 addition to this a sum of 600,000/. is annually voted by the 

 Parliament. Since 1860, 33 gi'eat model schools have been 

 opened. 



In Portugal public instruction is superintended by the Secre- 

 tary of State for the Home Department. Under him there is 

 a Superior Council of Education, which holds its sittings at 

 Coimbra, which is the seat of a university, founded A.D. 1290. 



Public education is free from the supervision and control of 

 the Church. By a law, passed in 1844, education was made 

 compulsory, but the law does not seem to be strictly enforced. 

 In 1854 there were 1200 public schools; in 1861, 1788. The 

 average attendance in 1862, being one scholar to eveiy thirt^'-six 

 inhabitants. 



To return to some of the smaller German States. 



In the Grand Duchy of Baden education is made compulsory 

 on all classes, and the penalties for non-compliance are strictly 

 enforced. In 18G1 there was one school for every 530 of the 

 population. 



In Bavaria there is a Minister of Education and Ecclesiastical 

 Affairs. Education is compulsory on all classes to the age of 

 14. There are " Volks-schulen " in all parishes. In 1861 there 

 Avere 7126 schools, with 8205 teachers. The annual cost to the 

 state is 96,000/. Out of every 1000 persons 679 are employed 

 in Agriculture. 



In Snxony also there is a Minister of Education and Ecclesi- 

 astical Affairs. By a law of 1835 attendance at some place of 

 education is compulsory on all classes ; 95 out of every 100 

 being in actual attendance. 



Hanover has also a Minister of Education and Ecclesiastical 

 Affairs. In 1861 there were 4781 schools ; primary, secondary, 

 elementary and industrial. 



