92 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 9 



winter. These tiny pupal cases lay on the ground all winter, normally, 

 but they break loose from the body of the leaf and are often washed 

 some distance from the place where they spun up, by the melting of the 

 snow and by heavy rains with a large run off of surface water. Records 

 of several such occurrences have come to my notice and on two occa- 

 sions in particular, several vineyards were practically freed from berry 

 Avorm for a season by being overflowed and having all the leaves and 

 cocoons washed away. A few of the pupae are killed through falling 

 into crevices in the soil of the vineyard and being buried so deeply 

 they cannot get out again. Many of these pupse are killed by severe 

 freezing weather when the soil is dry and is not covered with snow. 

 The mortality is low, however, when we have snow and wet weather 

 throughout the winter. The extreme variations of an open winter 

 together with dry soil may be largely responsible for the high rate of 

 mortahty. A large per cent of the specimens kept in breeding jars 

 with moist or wet soil emerged in the fore part of June for three suc- 

 cessive years, while others, kept under the same conditions, excepting 

 that the soil was extremely dry, failed to emerge or the brood was 

 represented by only 18 to 50 individuals when over 400 pupce had 

 been placed in the breeding cage in the preceding October. 



In the latter part of the first week in June to as late as the 25th day 

 of June in some seasons, the tiny pupae begin to get active and wriggle 

 or swing the rear segments back and forth. Two rows of small sharp 

 spines on each of the abdominal segments from the second to the eighth 

 inclusive, and one row on the ninth segment, catch in the sides of the 

 silken wall of the cocoon and push the pupae out of the cocoon if the 

 struggling is continued. The front row of spines on each of these seg- 

 ments are larger in size, fewer in number, and do not extend more than 

 one-third of the way around the dorsal side of the pupa, while the rows 

 of smaller, shorter spines extend approximately half way around each 

 of the eight segments. The swinging of the abdominal segments back 

 and foith, sideways, and with a spiral or rotary motion makes these 

 rows of spines catch, and every move pushes the pupa out of the co- 

 coon. The operation takes only a few minutes' time until the pupa is 

 about half-way out of the silken cocoon, or in case they are buried 

 only a slight distance below the surface, they struggle until the tho- 

 racic segments of the pupa project above the surface of the soil. The 

 pupal skin splits along the back to the first abdominal segment and 

 the moth works out of the pupal skin, leaving almost half of the 

 empty skin projecting out of the cocoon. The wings expand and 

 harden in 15 minutes to half an hour, but the moth will often remain 

 on some stick or dead leaf for several hours before it attempts to fly. 

 If they are left undisturbed, they will sometimes remain in one place 



