June, '16] CROSBY: DUSTNG AND SPRAYING 375 



The entire life occupies 30 days as its shortest period. The longest 

 period covered 42 days. An average of 32 days is correct for the 

 majority of cases. 



Parasites 



The only parasite bred from Pegomyia hyoscyami Panz. is Opius 

 foveolatus Ashm.^ This species has been bred from nearly every lot 

 of miners but never in sufficient numbers to indicate that it might be 

 an important factor in the control of the miner. 



Control 

 On weeds such as Chenopodium and Amarantus no effort has been 

 made to control the miners and the miners have not appeared on 

 spinach since 1912, In this connection it might be well, however, to 

 cite the work of Vassiliev, "Report of the Work of the Experimental 

 Entomological Station of the AU-Russian Society of Sugar Refiners 

 in 1913," Kiev. 1914; abstracts in Review of Applied Entomology, 

 Vol. II, No. 7, Ser. A., p. 467. He has used a solution of barium 

 chloride in 5, 6, and 7 per cent solutions with excellent control of the 

 miners in beet leaves. 



COST OF DUSTING AND SP. VYING A NEW YORK APPLE 



ORCHARD 



I 



By C. R. Crosby 



There is very little information available in regard to the compara- 

 tive cost of dusting and spraying an apple orchard under commercial 

 conditions. On January 15, 1916, Mr. W. A. Crandall" of Kendall, 

 N. Y., read a paper before the Orleans County Fruit Growers' Asso- 

 ciation at Albion, N. Y., in which the following facts were presented. 

 Mr. Crandall has an orchard of about twenty-one acres containing 

 about 625 trees, ranging in age from thirty-five to fortj^ years, mostly 

 Baldwins, Russets and Greenings with a few odd varieties. This 

 orchard was sprayed in 1913 and 1914 and dusted in 1915. The owner 

 has kept a careful record of the expense as indicated in the following 

 table. Each year three applications were made; the first when the 

 blossoms showed pink, the second as the last of the petals were falling 

 and the third in August. 



1 Determined by Mr. A. B. Gahan. 



