408 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 9 



tested cooperatively by different beekeepers in Ontario uiiiqjr the 

 writer's direction. These tests have been made with particular ref- 

 erence to resistance to European Foulbrood. The results have been 

 published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture in a bulletin 

 entitled "Some Results of Cooperative Experiments on Races of Bees 

 to Determine Their Power to Resist European Foulbrood." 



"The conclusion reached by the writer with reference to races and 

 strains of bees is that resistance is more a matter of vigor thari of race 

 or strain. Results of tests show, however, that common black bees 

 are exceedingly poor resisters, and that Carniolans are not generally 

 as good as Italians. . . . Evidence in favor of leather-colored 

 Italians is perhaps stronger than that for the yellower strains. 



"So far as it can be seen by the careful observer who is not a bacte- 

 riologist, the disease diminishes in virulence after it has been in a partic- 

 ular locality for a few years. It is also true that the resistance of the 

 bees increases as a result of natural selection or 'survival of the fittest.' 

 On the other hand, apiaries previously Italianized and carefully watched 

 when the disease arrives are not so badly affected. " 



2. College Instruction in Apiculture 



(a) With Long Course Students. 



This consists of twenty-five lectures and a few laboratory periods 

 compulsory with all first-year students. The work is based on a text- 

 book, — "Langstroth on the Honey Bee, " revised b}- Dadant. While 

 not entirely fulfilling the writer's ideas of a college text-book, this 

 has perhaps been the best on the market. A change will likely be 

 made to "Beekeeping" by Phillips. 



Very little attention is given tp the biology of the bee. The teaching 

 of evolution, morphology and physiology, ' while important, is left 

 largely to the biologist. A brief survey of external anatomy and of the 

 systems of nutrition, respiration and reproduction is sufficient to call 

 attention to the organs and processes of interest to the beekeeper. 

 Enough development is given to explain the life-history of each of the 

 casts. Pathology and hygiene of the apiary are also important. 



Our main business, however, is to teach bee psychology, including 

 behavior. On a knowledge, conscious or subconscious, of this, all 

 successful bee management rests. It has usually been acquired by 

 years of experience punctuated by heavy losses. To collect, classify, 

 increase and transmit this knowledge is the task which confronts us. 

 It is not a light one. 



It is much easier to describe, for instance, a method of introducing 

 queens than the principles of bee psychology on which all queen in- 

 troduction must be based. But the student who is not taught these 



