453 On the Cost of Horse-power. 



it sufficient solidity for the wlieat crop. The ploughing mtay he averaged for 

 a pair of horses to do IJ aero daily. The general depth of cultivation is 5 

 inches ; for, though we plough deeper for fallow, yet the peat decomposes, and 

 we lose the dej)th in the course of a year, and we find it prejudicial to any 

 other crop to plough deeper than it was fallowed." 



(11.) " Ahout 100 acres are strong land, but not so retentive as to prevent its 

 being ploughed ordinarily with 2 or 3 horses. The remainder (460 acres) is a 

 sandy soil. It has all usually been cultivated from 5 to 6 inches deep." 



(13.) " Two hundred and sixty acres are a useful marl with stones ; the 

 soil deep enough to allow of 7-inch ploughing, and sufficiently retentive (often 

 containing 50 or 60 per cent, of clay) to render it stiff working land in moist 

 weather. One hundred acres are of a light and shallower soil, sometimes 

 occupying the slopes of the hills, where we may not have more than 2 inches 

 of earth. Forty acres are a strong clay marl. Three horses in line are needed 

 for 6 to 7-inch ploughing. From 1 acre (lea ploughing) to f (in winter) is a 

 day's ploughing." 



(14.) " Except 70 acres of strong soil, part of which is very steep, my farm 

 is flat alluvial soil, partly light and partly good deep loam — all good turnip 

 land. Fallows are ploughed 8 to 9 inches deep with 2 horses, 12 to 13 with 3 

 horses whenever the land allows ; lea laud is ploughed 6 to 6^ inches deep ; 

 turnip land for corn 5 inches." 



(15.) " The soil is a loamy clay, of a darkish brown colour, resting on the 

 middle limestone formation." 



(IG.) " Of the soil, 20 acres are light and shallow, resting on limestone 

 rock ; 100 are a lightish sandy loam ; and 80 are a clayey loam. We plough 

 a foot deep for roots, 4 inches deep for corn." 



(17.) " The character of the land is gravel, clay, and clay loam. Our ordi- 

 nary depth of cultivation is from 5 to 8 inches — never less than the former. 

 The ordinary day's work varies from 3 roods to an acre, the horses working 

 double." 



(18.) " The character of the soil over 230 acres is gravel, liable in a dry time 

 to burn ; over 100 acres a black gravel and loam. For wheat we plough 4 to 

 5 inches deep ; for barley 4 inches ; our turnip fallows from 8 to 9 inches. 

 "We usually expect a man with a pair in ordinary work to do his acre 

 in the day, excepting the fallows, which are laid up for the winter with 4 

 horses in a ]ilough, and in spring, when these fallows are ploughed back, with 

 a 3 -horse ptlough." 



(19.) " The soil over most of the farm is a gravel, and on the rest a stiff 

 clay. We plough 6 or 7 inches deep, except for roots, when the furrow is 10 

 or 12 inches deep." 



(21.) " We use 2-horse swing-ploughs, and 3 roods to an acre are a day's 

 work ; on short days, of course, we must be satisfied with less." 



(22.) " W^e have a deep loam on the west side of the farm, and can jolough 

 safel_v and usefully 9 or 10 inches ; on the south side we have a strong loam 

 on clay, the average depth being 6 or 8 inches ; on the east side a very useful 

 stonebrash, cultivated 6 inches deep ; on the north side it is pasture. The 

 ordinary extent of a day's work at plough is an acre ; 3 horses ])loughing for 

 beans and fallow in the autumn, 2 being used for all else after the first spring 

 furrow." 



(23.) " The soil varies much, and in a dry summer is very difficult to Avork. 

 It is cidtivated from 4 to 6 inches deep. Three horses arc used in a plough 

 for ' breaking ' grass and heavy stubble, and 2 only for the after-ploughings. 

 From 3 roods to 1 acre is about a usual day's work for one plough." 



(24.) " Soil chiefly a light stonebrash, like most of the Cotswold district; 

 but there are some sand and some clay spots. It is cultivated 4 to 5 inches 

 deep, or more when the soil admits. Half an acre, or rather less, is a day's 



