172 Gyiiandni in Arachnida 



generally called, may briefly be described as a more or less elaborated 

 syringe, capable of sucking up the seminal fluid' and expelling it again 

 gradually in the act of coition. The corresponding article of the female 

 is a plain cylindrical joint more or less acuminate at the apex. 



;i Other characters. So far as the species enumerated below 

 are concerned these are all associated with the cephalic region, including 

 the pair of prae-oral appendages (falces or mandibles). Up to the time 

 of the penultimate moult these differences do not show (nor any other, 

 as a matter of fact) ; but as the final moult approaches, the tarsus of the 

 male palp enlarges rapidly, and in the case of the Linyphiidae (to which 

 family belong nearly all species now to be dealt with) there is dfteii a 

 special develoj)ment of the male caj)ut, and of the form and armature 

 of the falces. 



ii. Gynandromorphs of three species have been figured and de- 

 scribed : 



Oedothorax fusciis Bl. {sub Erigune fiisca). liiilczynfiki, Potworek 



Ohajnakowy Pajaka, Cracow, 1(S85. 

 Maso sandevallii Westr. Falconer, JS^uturuiist, 1910, p. 229. 

 Lophoniiiiu herhvjradmn Bl. Hidl, Trans. Nat. Hist. Society of 

 Nurthmiberland, etc.. Vol. iv. (New Series), p. 48. 



No two of these agree, as it happens, in the distribution of sexuality, 

 and they may be regarded therefore as types of three different classes. 

 I take them in order, as above. 



1. One side male, the other female — sexual structures perfect except 

 for the distortion resulting from the union of dissimilar halves on. the 

 median line. 



Of this Kulczynski's Oedothorax fuscus is an excellent example. 

 I translate his description, and add some of his figures. 



The right half of the cephalothorax i.s longer and wider than the left (width: 

 380^, left 350 ;u; length from fore middle eyes to the hind margin: right 970 /x, 

 left 910/i), the difl'erence mainly accounted for by the a.symmetry of the hind margin, 

 of which the shape i.s shown in Fig. 1. 



The eye area is slightly asymmetrical, the right eyes being a little in advance of 

 the left : what difference there is in the size of the coiTcsponding eyes is hardly per- 



' The peculiar interest of this operation will excuse a note. I have twice witnessed 

 the exclusion of the seminal fluid. In each instance it was deposited on a leaf — the living 

 leaf of a tree in the case of Lhii/pliin mimtana, a dead leaf on the ground in the ease of 

 Lijcoxa amentatn ; in both cases it was inunediately taken up into the bulb. Coition was 

 effected a few minutes afterwards in the former case ; in the latter I could only watch 

 about half-an-hour, and courtshiji w'as .still proceeding when I left. 



