102 



Marvels of Insect Life, 



sucker ^ it takes the form of milky globules, 

 and the presence of the sucker on the 

 apple-tree may be detected by looking for 

 these spherical pearls- on the under side 

 of the leaves. When these are found, a 

 closer examination of the youngest portion 

 of the shoots will probably reveal the 

 presence of the Insect in large numbers. 

 In the case of the box-tree sucker- the 

 excrement does not take a liquid form but 

 becomes endless filaments of wax in the 

 shape of a white ribbon, which proceeds 

 from the hind-body and more or less covers 

 the Insect. 



They cast their 



times as grubs ; 



then appear with 



longer antennae 



and with wine- 



skins about three 



Photo by] \H. Baslin. 



The AIaker of Bullet-Galls. 



The gnib and chrysalis shown on the pre\-ioiis page have 

 completed their development, and the little gall-wasp has bored 

 its way from the centre to the outside. The exit-hole is seen 

 below the Insect. Magnified two and a half times. ^ 



pads which stand out from their sides and make them as 

 broad as long. The fourth change reveals the perfect Insect 

 with wings longer than the body, the hinder pair of so delicate 

 a structure as to be scarcely perceptible. When not in use 

 these wings are laid along the sides of the body with their 

 upper margins in contact, much after the manner of the green- 

 fly, though in some closely allied suckers, such as that illus- 

 trated on page 104, they are wrapped around the back and 

 sides. The jumping is accomplished by means of the com- 

 paratively stout thighs ; but there is no marked development 

 of leaping legs as in the grasshoppers, and looking at them 

 as they walk rather awkwardly and feebly, there is nothing 

 to indicate that they have jumping powers until they give 

 us a demonstration. In addition to the fairly large and 

 prominent compound eyes, they have three simple eyes 

 arranged in a triangle between the other two, and easily seen 

 with a good pocket lens. 



Their relation to the scale Insects is indicated in some 

 species — such as that of the box-tree already mentioned — by 

 the production of wax in the form of flattened oval scales or 

 cottony wisps. The attack of some species on the under side 

 of the leaf causes the upper side to become swollen and 

 elevated, and looking like a gall ; but the under side is hollow 

 and shelters the suckers. A similar result attends the attack 

 of certain species of green-fly and of the vine aphis. 



The dark red species previously referred to is the pear- 



^ Psvlla"mali. - P. buxi. 



PJiolo hy\ {H. Bastin. 



CiALL-WASPS. 

 Two females are here engaged]in 

 depositing their eggs in the buds 

 of the oak, the preliminary to 

 the formation of fresh galls. 

 Magnified about five times, i^ , 



