158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.49. 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
The following notes will serve to give some idea of the geographic 
and topographic conditions under which the collection was made. It 
should be noted that the name ''Pangranggo" is spelled in various 
ways. Reclus has it "Panggerango," and Wallace "Pangerango." 
The form adopted in the present paper is the one appearing on the 
printed insect labels of the collection. 
Gede and Pangranggo. — The western has a much greater mean elevation than the 
eastern section of the island, forming a plateau from 2,000 to 3,000 feet high. Here 
also the mountains are connected by lofty ridges or saddles, the former intervening 
valleys having been to a great extent filled in by outflows of lavas and showers of 
ashes and scoriae * * * East of this pass follow the far loftier cones of Gede or the 
"Great" (9,800 feet) which gives its name to a whole group, and the neighboring 
Mandala-Wangi which exceeds it by 200 feet. The Gede, properly so called, has 
frequently ejected scoriae and from its bleached crater, about 4,000 feet in circum- 
ference, jets of vapor are still emitted; sulphur is also deposited on the encircling 
walls while copious thermal streams flow from the flanks of the mountain. Gede is 
connected by a narrow ridge with another and far larger crater which from the Sala 
wall on the south to Panggerango on the north side has a circuit of about two and a 
half miles. It is wooded to the summit, terminating in an inclined terrace 
whence numerous rivulets rapidly converge in a broad stream which was till recently 
visited by the rhinoceros. From this terrace, the highest point of observation in 
west Java, a panoramic view is commanded of both seas, with the intervening hills 
and plains, forests, villages and surrounding plantations. > 
Buitenzorg. — In 1774, Buitenzorg, that is "Sans Souci, " was chosen as a site of 
an official health resort and this place has by successive enlargements become a vast 
residence, now usually occupied by the Governor Generals of the Dutch East Indies. 
Lying 880 feet above the sea on a wooded slope between the Liwong and Dani river 
valleys, Buitenzorg commands a superb prospect of the surrounding forest-clad 
gloomy gorges and undulating heights, rising in one direction toward Mount Salak, 
in another toward Gede * * * But Buitenzorg is not sufficiently elevated to be 
regarded as a sanitarium. Hence invalids and convalescents usually prefer the 
station of Sindang-Laya, which stands at an altitude of 3,560 feet on the northern 
slope of Ged6 near the vast nursery grounds of Tjibodas.^ 
Alfred Russell Wallace, who climbed the mountains of Ged6 and 
Pangranggo in 1861, describes his experiences as follows: 
By far the most interesting incident of my visit to Java was a trip to the summit of 
Pangerango and Gedeh Mountains, the former an extinct volcanic cone about 10,000 
feet high, the latter an active crater on a lower portion of the same mountain range. 
* * * The first mile was over open country which brought us to the forest that covers 
the whole mountain from a height of about 5,000 feet. The next mile or two was a 
tolerably steep ascent through a grand virgin forest, the trees being of great size and 
the undergrowth consisting of fine herbaceous plants, tree-ferns, and shrubby vege- 
tation. I was struck by the immense number of ferns that grew by the side of the 
road. Their variety seemed endless and I was continually stopping to admire some 
new or interesting forms. I could now well imderstand what I had been told by the 
gardener, that 300 species had been found on this one mountain. * * * Continuing 
our ascent, the road became narrow, rugged, and steep, winding zigzag up the cone, 
1 Elisee Reclus, The Universal Geography, vol. 14, p. 150-153. ^ Idem, p. 185. 
