INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA. 



355 



tender and their location plain, great numbers may be quickly 

 destroyed by exerting a slight pressure over them with the thumb, 

 which in no way injures the shoot. Cutting out infested canes is also 

 recommended. 



Fig. 351. — Old raspberry canes showing the work of the raspberry horntail. a, 

 spirals made around the canes by the young larvae ; b, longitudinal sections of canes 

 showing the larval burrows in the pith ; c, cross-sections of canes showing burrows in 

 pith; d, exit holes made by the adults. (Author's illustration, Mo. Bui. Cal. Hort. 

 Com.) 



Natural Enemies. — During the summer of 1914 the State Inseetary 

 reared two parasites from the raspberry horntail — one a Pimplidea 

 and the other a pteromalid. 



TENTHREDINOIDEA (Superfamily) 



SAWFLIES 



The members of this superfamily have two-segmented trochanters; 

 two apical spurs on the tibiae of the forelegs and the females have a 

 pair of saw-like processes constituting the ovipositor with which the 

 eggs are laid in the tissues of plants. The head and thorax are wide 

 and the base of the abdomen is not constricted. The larvae are entirely 

 naked and greatly resemble caterpillars. They have besides the three 

 pairs of thoracic legs from six to eight pairs of prolegs. while most 

 caterpillars (except in the rare family Megalopygida, which have seven 

 pairs of prolegs) have from two to five pairs of prolegs. Some of the 

 larvae cover themselves with a slimy fluid and are known as slugs, the 



