INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS OP CALIFORNIA. 441 



week. There are two broods recorded in a number of places, but appar- 

 ently nothing is known regarding this point in California. 



Nature of Work. — The leaves are the principal food of the cater- 

 pillars, though young fruit is also eaten and becomes greatly disfigured 

 as it matures. The work is very much the same as that of the fruit- 

 tree leaf-roller. 



Distribution. — The species is distributed throughout the central and 

 northern parts of the State. It was received in considerable numbers 

 from Vacaville in April, 1914. 



Food Plants. — Sanderson and Jackson 313 have listed a large number 

 of food plants, which are included here, as follows : The apple, apricot, 

 ash, basswood, beans, birch, yellow birch, blackberry, box-elder, burdock, 

 carnation, celery, cherry, clover, cotton, currant, dogwood, geranium, 

 gooseberry, hawthorn, hazelnut, honeysuckle, horse-chestnut, knotweed, 

 lilac, oak, peach, pear, plum, poplar, prune, horseradish, ragweed, rasp- 

 berry, rose, smart weed., strawberry, sumach, sunflower, thistle and 

 verbena. 



Control. — Fortunately, this moth has never proven a serious pest 

 so far in this State, but outbreaks may have passed unnoticed. Control 

 measures are somewhat difficult in the orchard, where arsenical sprays 

 repeatedly applied will serve as a means of keeping it in check until the 

 if practiced with regularity and thoroughness. 313 The eggs may be 

 destroyed by the application of a miscible oil spray. 



THE ORANGE TORTRIX 



Tortri.r citrana Pernald (Family Tortricidae) 



(Fig-. 449) 



Description. — The adult insects are gray in color and hardly | inch 

 long. The eggs are cream-colored, circular, flat and covered with fine 

 mosaic-like markings. They are laid so as to overlap like the scales of 

 a fish. The larva-,' when full-grown, vary from \ to % inch in length 

 and are white or dusky in color. The chrysalids are brown. 



Life History.— The eggs are laid in clusters in early spring, usually 

 upon the undersides of the leaves, each moth depositing about fifty. 

 The eggs hatch in about two weeks and the larvae feed upon the surface 

 of the orange fruit or upon the foliage or tips of the shoots of the other 

 hosts. Burrows are also made through the peel into the fruit, thus 

 causing decay and ruin. The young reach maturity in about two 

 months The pupal stage is passed within the old burrow or any pro- 

 tected place outside. The adults emerge in from one to two weeks. 

 The broods overlap, but there are probably three generations a year. 



