470 INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA. 



vigorous agitation, the oil going quickly into the creamy condition of 

 the Cook emulsion, but after further agitation it thickens into a clabber- 

 like material. The formula is 



Fish oil soap -J pound 



Kerosene i gallon 



Water 1 gallon 



Preparation. — The preparation of both of the above emulsions is 

 about the same and consists in first dissolving the soap in the hot 

 water, after which the kerosene is added and the whole thoroughly 

 and vigorously agitated by pumping it into itself until a thick 

 creamy liquid results. Soft water should be used wherever possible, 

 as it is almost essential to obtaining a proper emulsion. 



For use on dormant trees and plants in the winter dilute the stock 

 solution one to five of water. On trees or plants in foliage dilute 

 with ten parts of water. 



In giving directions for diluting kerosene emulsion many writers 

 recommend the use of a certain per cent. This is exceedingly confus- 

 ing to the average orchardist, and in order to have the information 

 necessary to follow these recommendations the following dilutions 

 showing per cent of strength are taken from O'Kane. 331 



For 4% strength add 15| gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution 



For 5% strength add 12J gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution 



For 7% strength add 8* gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution 



For 10% strength add 5§ gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution 



For 12% strength add 4^ gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution 



For 15% strength add 3i gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution 



For 18% strength add 2t gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution 



For 20% strength add 2J gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution 



For 25% strength add 1§ gallons of water to 1 gallon of stock solution 



DISTILLATE EMULSION 



Distillate (28 degrees Baum6) 20 gallons 



Whale oil soap 30 pounds 



Water to mix 12 gallons 



Dissolve the whale oil soap in the water, heating it to the boiling 

 point; add the distillate and agitate thoroughly while the solution is 

 hot. For use add twenty gallons of water to each gallon of the above 

 mixture. 



CARBOLIC ACID EMULSION 



Whale oil soap 40 pounds 



Crude carbolic acid 5 gallons 



Water to mix 40 gallons 



Dissolve the soap in hot water (the soap must be entirely dissolved) ; 

 add the carbolic acid and heat to the boiling point for twenty minutes 

 (reserve some water to add in case the mixture begins to boil over). 

 For use add twenty gallons of water to every gallon of the above stock 

 solution. The emulsion needs little or no agitation. 



This spray is especially recommended for mealy bugs, but is also 

 suitable for plant lice and soft brown scale. It is also a good contact 

 insecticide for ants. 



'Injurious Insects, W. C. O'Kane, p. 74, 1913. 



