INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA. 



501 



one and one half inches long and vary in size 

 from No. 000, the finest, to No. 8, the coarsest. 

 Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are sufficient for ordinary pur- 

 poses. Very small, fine pins, known as minu- 

 tien-nadeln, are used for very small Diptera 

 (flies) and Lepidoptera (moths) in secondary 

 pinning. Formerly only shiny hrass pins 

 were used for all purposes, but as they 

 caused green verdigris in some specimens, 

 they have been largely replaced by black 

 steel pins, which are also stiffer and gener- 

 ally much more satisfactory. Always specify 

 black pins when ordering. The position of 

 the pin varies considerably, but with the 

 exception of the order Coleoptera (beetles) 

 and the suborder Heteroptera (bugs), prac- 

 tically all are pinned through the mesothorax. 

 Some of the Aptera are pinned through the 

 mesothorax and the Corrode ntia (white 

 ants) are pinned through the prothorax. 

 The beetles are pinned through the right 

 elytrum or wing cover, near the base, as 

 shown in Fig. 495. The bugs are pinned 

 through the scutellum and the metathorax 

 (Fig. 494). 



Secondary Pinning. — Very small insects. 

 especially flies and moths, are mounted upon 

 the minutien-nadeln, which are pinned into 

 a piece of cork or cardboard, the length of a 

 point, supported on a regular No. 2 insect 

 pin. This allows the smallest specimens to 

 be placed in the collection in perfect har- 

 mony with the large ones. 



Points. — All small insects, including the 

 beetles, parasitic Hymenoptera, lantern flies. 

 tree-hoppers, spittle insects, leaf-hoppers, 

 jumping plant lice, white flies, etc., arc 

 mounted on small ledger paper or cardboard 

 points (Fig. 499). "White shellac or beetle 

 glue 339 is used to fasten them to the points. 

 The size of the points usually differs with 

 each entomologist, but one that is gaining 

 much favor is 9 mm. long, 1 mm. at the base 

 and tapering to a point, as shown in Fig. 499. 

 The specimen should be placed on the point 

 so that it looks away from you when the pin mm 

 is to the right of the insect, as shown in twice. (Original) 





OoB;il.ira 



S. M 



Fi«\ 499. — Top picture shows 

 a good-shaped point, enlarged 

 slightly more than one and one 

 half times II si ould be 



330 Beetle gluf is prepared as follows: 



Alcohol (95 per cent) 



Carbolic acid _— ■! SSS 



OUgclI ___ fin n 



Gum arable _ 



Water 



g parts 



fiO parts 

 •lis parts 



