172 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. 



full grown male, but not in the female, a large, soft, smooth 

 tumour-like and flexible expansion, which gives a remarkable 

 breadth to the visage. The forehead is nude and purplish in 

 colour ; the middle of the face across the nose is sooty-brown. 

 The lips are broad, extremely mobile, and of the colour of 

 the skin— generally of a yellowish brown ; and, when eating and 

 drinking, the animal thrusts them far out. The lower jaw 

 retreats at once from the lips, and there is therefore no chin, 

 as so recognised in Man. The ears are more like those of 

 Man, small and flat. The arms are very long, reaching to the 

 ankles in the erect posture, their span being twice the animal's 

 height. The arm is equal in length to the fore-arm ; the hands 

 are long and narrow. The fingers are united by a web ; the 

 thumb short and often without its terminal joint. The back 

 of the hand is but slightly haired. The hair on the arm is 

 directed downwards and that on the fore-arm upwards, so as to 

 meet at the elbow. The legs are very short and bowed at the 

 ankles; the long and narrow foot, which is articulated obliquely 

 to the leg, is longer than the hand and (except in the Gorilla) 

 is longer than in any other Ape. The great-toe is very short 

 and is often destitute of a nail. 



The cranium is very variable in form ; the crown is high and 

 pointed, the forehead round and elevated, and the occipital 

 region convex. No two individuals are exactly alike. " The 

 slope of the profile, the projection of the muzzle, together with 

 the size of the cranium, ofier differences as decided as those 

 existing between the most strongly marked forms of the Cauca- 

 sian and African crania in the human species. The orbits 

 vary in width and height ; the cranial ridge is either single 

 or double, either much or little developed, independent of 

 age, being sometimes more strongly developed in the less 



