174 Lloyd's natural history. 



arranged in pairs, instead of being formed of only two bones, 

 as in the other members of the family. 



Between the neck and the complex and solid sacral bone 

 there are sixteen vertebrae, and there are twelve pairs of ribs, 

 as in Man. The vertebral column presents slight but distinct 

 indications of the curvature so characteristic of Man, and is 

 nearly as much concave forward in its dorso-lumbar region as 

 in a child. 



The Orang-utan has no uvula as in Man and in the Chim- 

 panzees. It possesses enormous air sacs — dilatations of the 

 lateral cavities (ventricles) of the larynx, found in Man — which 

 extend over the throat, the top of the chest, and as far as the 

 arm-pits ; these may even unite in the middle line. Its great- 

 toe and thumb lack the long flexor muscles which are present 

 in Man and in the Chimpanzees. 



" Of all Apes, the Orang has the brain which is most like 

 that of Man ; indeed, it may be said to be like Man's in all 

 respects, save that it is much inferior in size and weight, and 

 that the cerebrum is more symmetrically convoluted and 

 less complicated with secondary and tertiary convolutions." 

 {Mivart.) The cerebral hemispheres are higher in propor- 

 tion to their length than in any other Anthropouiorpha, but 

 they are elongated and depressed, as compared with Man. 

 (^Huxley ^ 



The colour of the hair of the Orang is a brick- or yellowish- 

 red all over, but in old males it is sometimes darker on the 

 limbs. Its length (twelve to sixteen inches) is greatest, and its 

 character coarsest, on the arms, thighs, and shoulders; the 

 face, ears, and throat are bare, and the skin of a reddish- or 

 yellowish-brown colour ; but there is a thin beard on the chin. 

 The back of the hand and fingers are also thickly haired ; on 



