HOMO. 219 



said to be of undoubted human manufacture in strata of this 

 age, 1,200 feet below the surface; and it has been claimed 

 by Professor Whitney that, in California, a skull, as well as a 

 mortar and pestlcj have been recovered from Pliocene beds. 

 The latter evidence has also been called in question. 



The discovery at Crayford and in Kent's Hole in England, 

 and in the Grotte d'Eglise in France, of flint implements of 

 human manufacture, demonstrates without doubt that Man 

 was living in Europe in the Pleistocene age — at which time 

 most of the species of Mammals were identical with those 

 now living — before the cHmate (which had been cooling since 

 the Miocene) had become so cold as to cause the Arctic Mam- 

 mals to swarm down in front of the approaching glaciation of 

 the Northern Hemisphere. At that epoch the River-drift Men, 

 as they are called, would have had to contend with Wolves, 

 Bears, and Lions; while Elephants and Rhinoceroses, Horses, 

 Oxen, and Bison roamed wild around them. The implements 

 of this "long-headed" race were stones, conveniently picked 

 up and rough-hewn into rude choppers and scrapers, pointed 

 borers, and cutting chips. There is evidence that their makers 

 ranged across a more extended Europe than now, into Africa 

 and continental India. After the River-drift Men, who dis- 

 appeared with the Ice age, there came on the scene a race 

 known as the Palaeolithic " Cave Men." Associated with theii 

 bones there have been found, in numerous caverns, remains oJ 

 the Reindeer (Qn/z^j- /^r^/z^?^^), the Woolly Rhinoceros (i?. ticho 

 rhinus), and the Mammoth {Elephas primigemus). They were 

 an artistic people, who have left drawings of extraordinary 

 fidelity of the animals with which they were familiar, scratched 

 on bones and horns of the animals themselves. Their imple- 

 ments were better chipped and shaped than were those of the 



