S4 LEPWOPTERA 



covfi'S and tliose of the limbs covered with rough sculpture 

 of cross-ridges and incised lines ; dorsal and abdominal 

 segments coarsely pitted in the usual broad bands; cremaster 

 broadly triangular, hollowed beneath and tipped with a 

 long spike forked at the apex ; red-brown or orange red, the 

 wing-covers a little paler, the cremaster deeper red. In a 

 cocoon of silk and earth, in the ground. 

 In this condition through the winter. 



The moth hides during the day among its food plant and 

 other herbage, but may occasionally be seen sitting upon a 

 post or paling or some other neighbouring object. It is not 

 at all disposed tofly much at this time, but moves about in a very 

 lively manner at late dusk and may then often be seen settled 

 upon, or flying over, the flowers of ragwort. It also will 

 come to the attraction of sugar, and rather rarely to light, 

 settling upon a window. Occasionally to be found in the 

 suburbs of London — I have taken it myself at Nunhead — and 

 elsewhere very much more common than is generally 

 supposed, its secluded habits and the close resemblance of its 

 larva to its food-plant protecting it from general notice in 

 either state. It certainly occurs all over England, and in 

 some districts quite commonly ; also in all probability 

 throughout Wales, though I have only Mr. Greening's record 

 for Flintshire, Mr. Vivian's in Glamorganshire, and my own 

 in Pembrokeshire — where it is common. In Scotland it is 

 found in Wigtownshire, Berwickshire, Roxburghshire and 

 other parts of the South, also in Argyleshire, Aberdeenshire, 

 Kincardineshire and Moray. In Ireland on the Dublin coast 

 and in Cork County, Wicklow and Louth. 



Abroad its range extends through Central Europe, Livonia, 

 Finland, Northern Italy, Dalmatia, South-Eastern Russia, 

 and the Central Asian mountain regions. 



10. E. subumbrata, i-'chijf.- — Expanse | to | inch 

 (18 to 23 mm.). Fore wings narrow, white, with numerous 



