P J 'RA CS7 ID^-E — PIONEA . 231 



August and the early part of September, on Barharm. 

 vulgaris, Sinapis (o-rnisis, and other Crucifcrce, especially 

 those which grow in wet woods ; feeding upon the leaves, 

 and resting contentedl}', side by side, on the leaf, near to the 

 stalk, when not eating. A suspicion that it does mischief to 

 corn by feeding in the stalks proves to be quite erroneous, 

 and apparently unfounded. 



Pupa rather thick, with the wing-cases long ; surface 

 smooth and glossy; eye-covers and abdomen dark brown; 

 wing-covers light yellow-brown marked with dark brown, 

 and having the nervures in high relief ; remaining surfaces 

 brown; last segment of the abdomen a little prolonged and 

 rounded off at the tip. In a broad oval cocoon, in which 

 the larva remains unchanged through the winter, pupating 

 in the spring. (W. Buckler.) 



This is a somewhat gregarious species, widely distributed 

 yet restricted to small localities, such as wet woods, bushy 

 marshes, bottoms of wooded valleys, and among tall under- 

 growth full of grass and herbage. In such places it may 

 sometimes be found in abundance, not another specimen 

 occurring, outside the favoured spot, for many miles. Here 

 it is easily disturbed in the day time, fluttering from one 

 hiding-place to another. At dusk it flies freely; and later 

 at night may be attracted by light. Formerly to be found 

 close to the suburbs of London, whence it seems now to have 

 departed. Still existing, and sometimes abundant — if only 

 in one wood in a county — in Kent, Surrey, Susses, Hants 

 with the Isle of Wight, Berks, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk. 

 Norfolk, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire ; but so far as I 

 know not extending beyond these limits in England, nor 

 recorded from Wales nor Scotland. In Ireland locally abun- 

 dant in Cork, Kerry, Westmeath, Shgo, Fermanagh, Cavan, 

 and Tyrone. 



Abroad it has an extensive range through Central Europe, 

 Southern France, Italy, Dalmatia, Livonia, Finland, and 



