LIBYIHEA. 3 



Uypafus, Hiibner, Catal. Franck^ p. 85 (1825); Scudder, 

 Butterflies of Eastern United States, p. 753 (1889). 

 Type, Papilio cari?ieuta, Cramer. 



Dr. Scudder considers the American species of this Sub- 

 family to be entitled to generic rank, and retains for them 

 Hiibner's name Hypatus^ observing : " I have not been able to 

 study the Asiatic species, but the European and African are 

 certainly distinct from the American forms. I would call 

 attention to the abruptly lobate front margin of the hind-wing 

 in the European species {Libythea proper), and the close ap- 

 proximation of the third and fourth superior sub-costal nervules 

 of the fore-wings at their origin, to the gradually incrassating 

 antennae, in which the club can scarcely be separately distin- 

 guished, but may be said to occupy half the length of the 

 antennae, to the coarser, and owing to the comparative brevity 

 of the apical joint, the somewhat shorter palpi, and finally to 

 the deeply bifid termination of the eighth abdominal segment 

 in the male, with the irregular and thorny clasps, which are in 

 striking contrast to those of Hypatus. It may also be pointed 

 out that the larvre oi Libythea are not thickened on the thoracic 

 segments, have no thoracic tubercle, and that the chrysalis 

 terminates at the anterior extremity in a single and not a 

 double protuberance ; in other words, there is no apical notch " 

 {Scudder, op. cit. pp. 155, 156). 



But having regard to the very small number of species known, 

 and the much greater divergence of the species of the Austro- 

 Malayan group, which has not yet been separated as a distinct 

 genus, we have preferred to leave Libythea undivided in the 

 present work. The characters are therefore those of the 

 Family ; but the large Austro-Malayan species differ much in 

 shape and appearance from the species of other parts of the 

 world, and will probably have to be separated from them as 

 belonging to a different genus. 



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