238 Lloyd's natural history. 



The pupa is spun up between leaves, thus being placed in a 

 slight cocoon. 



This Butterfly is found throughout the greater part of 

 Europe and Northern and Central Asia, in summer and 

 autumn, in mountainous regions. In Scandinavia it occurs in 

 the plains, but in the Alps it is one of the commoner Butter- 

 flies on the lower slopes, from about 1,000 to 5,000 feet above 

 sea-level. In Spain it is found at a great elevation in the 

 Sierra Nevada, in Andalusia; and the spots of these indi- 

 viduals are of a yellowish-white instead of red colour. In 

 West Central Europe it becomes rare; in the Vosges it is 

 very scarce and local, if it occurs at all. It is absent from 

 North Germany, and in Western Germany it is only met with 

 in a few localities near Coblenz, between the Mosel and the Ahr. 

 Many reports have been published of its having been taken in 

 England and Scotland, but it could hardly occur in some of 

 them (such as Dover) except by direct importation with plants 

 or otherwise, and several of the principal Scotch reports are 

 now known to have been erroneous. At present there is no 

 justification for including it in the British lists. The largest 

 European specimens have been said to come from Silesia, 

 where, however, it is now almost, if not quite, extinct. The 

 great Siberian Parnassius hesebolus, Nordmann, which is 

 generally considered to be a variety of F. aj^ol/o, sometimes 

 expands nearly four inches. 



The other two European species are much more local in the 

 Alps. F. delius (Esper) is smaller on an average than F. apollo^ 

 and flies in damper places at a higher elevation; it may be distin- 

 guished by having the sub-costal spots beyond the cell marked 

 with red. F. nmeniosyne (Linnceus) is also a local Butterfly, and 

 in Prussia Proper it is found on the plains, though elsewhere in 

 Central Europe it is a mountain Butterfly. It has no red spots, 

 but only two black ones, in and at the end of the cell of the fore- 



