282 



tinct; antennae small (PI. XLI, Fig. ii). Respiration carried on by 

 means of posterior spiracles or apical abdominal protrusive blood- 

 gills; in the terrestrial forms I am unable to find lateral abdominal 

 spiracles. Abdomen in aquatic forms worm-like, without pseudopods 

 (PI. XLII, Fig. 6), the only hairs present confined to apex of last 

 segment ; abdomen in terrestrial and semiaquatic forms with numerous 

 bristles (PI. XLII, Figs, i, 2, 3, 4), the truly terrestrial species with 

 distinct prothoracic and anal pseudopods, and some of the bristles on 

 body leaf-like or lanceolate (PI. XLL Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). 



Pupa (PI. XLII, Fig. 5). — Head without thorns. Thorax com- 

 pact, the wings and legs fused together and to thorax; apices of legs 

 not, or but slightly, exceeding apices of wings, not recurved ; thoracic 

 respiratorv organs elongate; disc of thorax in terrestrial forms with 

 a number of long bristles. Alxlomen with bristles or leaf-like pro- 

 tuberances ; apical segment terminating in 2 or 4 thorns. 



Imago. — Antennae in both sexes consisting of 15 joints, the apical 

 3, 4, or 5 usuallv noticeably longer than the others ; male antennae 

 plumose, that of female short-haired ; mouth parts chitinized, fitted 

 for piercing. Thorax not much arched, not overhanging head. Wings 

 short; venation similar to that of Chironomiis. Legs stout, the fore 

 and mid pairs shorter than the hind pairs. 



HABITS OF LARVAE 



The larvae of Porciponiyia are terrestrial, feeding on cow dung, 

 under bark of trees, and in decaying vegetation, and rarely they are 

 found under decaying drift on the margins of rivers. The larvae of 

 Ccratopogon occur on decaying wood in water, usually on submerged 

 logs; those of Culicoides are also aquatic, occurring in tree-holes and 

 in streams; while a species of Pscudociilicoidcs is found in exuding 

 tree-sap. All species of other genera known to me are truly aquatic. 



HABITS OF IMAGINES 



The species of Culicoides are the well-known "punkies" and are in- 

 variably bloodsuckers. Pscudoculicoidcs is also a blood-sucking ge- 

 nus. I have no record of this habit for any of the other genera in 

 so far as man and domestic animals are concerned, but they attack 

 insects, attaching themselves to the bodv and wings. 



