INTRODUCTION. XXxili 



have treated the Deltoidce as the last family of Noctuce instead 

 of the first of FyralidcE. 



In 1882 Snellen published the first volume of his " Vlinders 

 van Nederland : Macrolepidoptera,'' and proposed the following 

 arrangement of the Hetcrocera : — Hepiaiifta, Sesiina, Coss/nct, 

 Cochliopodina^ Fsyc/iina, ZygcEuvia, Syiitoinina^ Lithosina, 

 Liparidina, Bomhycina^ Lasiocampiiia^ Endroviidina^ Sphingi?ia^ 

 Thyridina^ Sahirnina^ Drepanidina, Notodontina, Cyinato- 

 pJiorina, Noctuina, Brephina, Geometrina, Pyralidina^ Tor- 

 trici/ia, Tineina, Flerophorma^ Alucitina^ Microptcrygina. 



Of the arrangement of the Sphinges and Bombyces in my 

 own "Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera," 

 vol. i., I need not speak, as it is substantially the same as that 

 adopted in the present work. 



In the " Transactions of the Entomological Society of 

 London" for 1893, pp. 97-119, Dr. T. A. Chapman, who has 

 long been making careful observations on the transformations 

 of Lepidoptera^ published an extremely important paper, which 

 has largely influenced the views of other Lepidopterists, 

 especially since his conclusions were adopted and carried 

 further by Prof. Comstock, whose work we will presently 

 consider. 



Dr. Chapman's paper was entitled, " On some neglected 

 points in the structure of the pupaj of Heterocerous Lepi- 

 doptera, and their probable value on classification ; with some 

 associated observations on larval prolegs." 



Dr. Chapman's remodelled classification is as follows 

 (pp. T18, 119) :— 



LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA. 



'^ A. — Oetect/E. Pupa smooth and rounded, extremely 

 solid, inner dissepiments flimsy. Free segments in both sexes, 

 fifth and sixth (abd.). Never emerges from cocoon, or 

 progresses in any way. Dehiscence by irregular fracture, 



