MANDUCA. 5 r 



rediscovered in Essex. It is now taken almost every year in 

 the Eastern Counties. It is very abundant and destructive in 

 the great pine-forests of Central Europe. 



SUB-FAMILY V. MANDUCIN/E. 



This sub-tamily includes only one genus, Mandiica (Hiibner), 

 the type of which is our well-known Death's-head Hawk-motli, 

 tlie largest Lepidopterous insect found in England, and with 

 the exception of the Great Peacock-moth {Satuj-fiia fmvonia- 

 inajor) (Linn.), the largest found in Europe. The body is very 

 short and broad, the proboscis short, and, as well as the legs 

 and antennae, very thick ; the proboscis terminates in a bristle. 

 The larva has oblique stripes on the sides, and a rough 

 recurved horn, and burrows in the ground when ready to 

 become a pupa. The genus Manduca is found almost 

 throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa, and the few species of 

 which it consists have all a strong family likeness, and are 

 considered by many authors to be mere varieties of M. 

 atropos^ with the exception of M. lachesis (Fabricius), a 

 common East Indian species, which has the skull-like markings 

 on the thorax bordered below with red, and the hind-wings 

 heavily banded with black. 



THE death's-head hawk- moth. manduca ATPsOPOS, 



{Pla'.c CVIII.) 



SpJiinx atropos, Linnceus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i., p. 490, no. 8 

 (1758); id., Mus. Ludov. Ulrica}, p. 348 (1764) ; Cramer, 

 Pap. Exot., i., pi. 78, fig. A. (1775); Esper, Eur. 

 Schmett., ii., p. 69,Taf 7 (1779?); Fliibner, Eur. Schmett., 

 ii., fig. 70 (1797?); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur., ii., 

 p. 231 (i8oS); Godart, Lepid. France, iii., p. 60, pi. 14 



{.822). 



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