BTBT.IOGRAPIIY. 1 73 



supplements were added by other writers np to 1829, and from 

 1829 to 1839 appeared a new issue, with some additions by 

 Charpentier. The work includes the Macro-Lepidoptera as far 

 as the Geometridcc^ and describes the metamorphoses of many 

 species, while the letterpress, too, is very full. It still remains 

 one of the best and most complete publications on European 

 Lepidoptera as a whole ; for in the works of later authors the 

 letterpress is often very scanty, and the insects and their 

 metamorphoses are frequently described in different works. 



About the same time a similar work was commenced in 

 France — Ernst and Engramelle's " Papillons d'Europe." It 

 consists of eight quarto volumes, including coloured plates of 

 Macro- Lepidopte?'a and their metamorphoses as far as the 

 Noctuce. It was begun in 1779, and was continued until 

 1792, when it was discontinued, probably in consequence of 

 the French Revolution. The illustrations are good, and the 

 book might have acquired much greater importance if the 

 authors had condescended to adopt the Linnean classification, 

 instead of using French names only for the insects figured. 



Borkhausen's " Naturgeschichte der Europiiischen Schmetter- 

 linge " is a work in five octavo volumes, published at Frankfort- 

 on-Main from 1788 to 1794. There are no plates (two coloured 

 frontispieces excepted), but the book is carefully written, and 

 is still of some value to Lepidopterists of the present day. 



We now come to the most important series of works 

 which illustrate the Lepidoptera of Euroi)e ; those of Hiibner, 

 Geyer, and Herrich-Schiiffer. Jacob Hiibner was a designer in 

 a cotton factory in Augsburg (Rbsel, before him, had been 

 a miniature painter), who turned his attention to Entomology, 

 and after publishing one or two smaller works, began the great 

 series of illustrations of European and Exotic Lepidoptera 

 which have made his name famous. I have already spoken of 

 his works 01? Exotic Lepidoptera. His largest work on European 



