1914- J F- H. Gravely : An Account 0] the Oriental Passalidae. 221 



There are two specimens from Cuddapah (Madras Presidency), and two from 

 Gudalur (Nilgiris), as well as several from the Anamalais, in the collection of the 

 Bombay Natural History Society ; one fiom Naduvatum (Nilgiris), 7000 ft., in the 

 collection at Dehra-Dun; and Mr. H. F. Andrewes' splendid series of this species 

 includes specimens from the Nilgiris, the Anamalais, Madura, and N. Canara. I 

 have examined altogether iig specimens in drawing up the following description of 

 this variable species. 



Description. — Length 25-41 mm. Labnim hairy, about as long as broad, sides 

 parallel or slightly convergent behind, angles rounded, the left usually somewhat 

 narrower and more prominent than the right, anterior margin concave. Mandibles 

 with anterior margin of upper tooth (which tooth is usually more or less distinctly bifid 

 at its apex) distinct, vertical, more strongly developed on left side than on right; two 

 upper terminal teeth strongly developed on both sides, the lowest of the three set 

 further back, smaller than the other two especially on the right side, on left side 

 often fused at base with anterior lower tooth ; right anterior lower tooth somewhat 

 variable in size, always much smaller than anterior lower tooth of opposite side, 

 sometimes absent, this variation not clearly correlated with size of specimen, and 

 apparently inherent to some extent and not due entirely to friction. Mentiim with 

 anterior margin sunk, very variable; hind wall of depression very sharply defined, 

 occasionally straight or almost straight, more usually produced in the middle-line to 

 form an angular prominence which is often joined by a median ridge to the anterior 

 margin which may or may not be raised up to form a low rounded transverse ridge. 

 Head more or less smooth and polished, sometimes punctured in front of outer ends 

 of parietal ridges; parietal ridges crested, more or less arcuate, directed outwards; 

 frontal area somewhat variable in form, more or less semi-lunar; inner tubercles 

 distinct, but short and stout. I.eft outer tubercle directed inwards, outer margin 

 f traight or very slightly convex ; ridge from left inner tubercle directed forwards 

 or slightly outwards at base, but quickly curving inwards to run parallel to inner 

 margin , distinct throughout whole or almost whole length of tubercle ; apex of tubercle 

 bluntly rounded or truncate. Right outer tubercle acute as seen from above (in 

 fresh specimens) and directed forwards, vertically truncate or imperfectly forked as 

 seen from the side; supra-orbital ridges more or less crested behind, slightly peaked, 

 outer wall of anterior excavation making with posterior part an angle of not less 

 than 120°, often nearer 180° ; inner wall well-developed, indistinct, or absent. Anterior 

 angles of head prominent, especially in small specimens, varying in size from about 

 60° in the smallest to o-ver go° in the largest specimens, apt to be worn down to an 

 angle of about 120° which is scarcely if at all prominent. Hollow between inner 

 tubercles and supra-orbital ridges crossed by a transverse groove of variable depth and 

 distinctness. Pronotum with marginal grooves incomplete across middle before and 

 behind, more or less punctured especially in small specimens; scars small, incon- 

 spicuous and little if at all punctured in large specimens, strongly punctured in small 

 ones; sides of pronotum free from conspicuous punctures in large specimens, more or 

 less punctured in anterior angles and in front of scars in smaller ones, more exten- 



