2o8 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol.11, 



mimicked, but to a far less extent than the comparatively few 

 species of Danainae found in the same Region, — all belonging to 

 the section Danaini. The Ethiopian Acraeas in fact supply sev- 

 eral mimics of the Danaines, but no example of the opposite 

 relationship is known. In the tropical East, the Acraeinae are 

 poorly represented, while the Danainae {Danaini, Euploeini, 

 Hestia, Hamadryas) are dominant in numbers as well as in the 

 power of influencing the patterns of other butterfly groups. In 

 both Africa and the East, Miillerian Mimicry is evident between 

 the different genera and sections of the specially protected groups 

 themselves. 



In the richest and most remarkable -butterfly fauna in the 

 world, that of South America, the dominant specially protected 

 group is composed of the Ithomiinae, allied to the Danainae, and 

 called by Bates "Danaoid Heliconidae." Next in importance 

 come the Heliconinae, allied to the Acraeinae, and called by Bates 

 "Acraeoid Heliconidae." Both of these are extensively mim- 

 icked, especially the Ithomiinae : in fact it was the close and obvi- 

 ous Mimicry of these by certain species of the Heliconinae that 

 puzzled Bates and ultimatel}^ received an interpretation in the 

 Miillerian Hypothesis. In addition to the above, this rich and 

 varied Region contains numerous true Acraeinae, mimicked con- 

 siderably, and a small number of true Danaine species. These 

 latter, which are of extreme interest, fall into two groups. One of 

 them, the Lycoraeini, containing the two genera Lycorea and 

 Ituna, is confined to South America, and bears evident traces of 

 long residence in the Region. The whole of the species are 

 mimetic of various dominant Ithomiine genera, while at the 

 same time some of them appear also to act as models for other 

 butterflies, in a single case {Ituna phenarete) even for one of the 

 rarer species {Eutresis imitatrix) belonging to the Ithomiinae 

 themselves. It was the resemblance between the Lycoraeine 

 genus Ituna and the Ithomiine genus Thyridia that led Fritz 

 Mriller to his hypothesis, and formed the title of the paper in 

 which he first expounded it. The Lycoraeini are widely difterent 

 from any of the Old World Danainae and are sometimes sep- 

 arated from them as a distinct sub-family. The second group of 

 Danaines, found in North America, as well as South, belongs to 

 the Old World section Danaini, and is in every respect strongl}' 

 contrasted with the Lycoraeini. Its species, divided into two 

 genera Anosia and Tasitia by Moore, are not known to enter into 



