230 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol.11, 



L. arthemis — that same conspicuous, specially defended element 

 in the North American butterfly fauna which was influenced in 

 an entirely different direction by the Danaine invaders. The 

 result of the former influence is seen in L. astyanax, a secondary 

 mimic of the three Papilio mimics of philenor. 



One of the most interesting elements in this complex mimetic 

 system is the final appearance of a tertiary mimic of astyanax, 

 viz., the female of Argynnis diana. This was recognized by 

 Scudder, although, not fully a]3preciating the Miillerian hypo- 

 the^sis, he was much puzzled by the fact.^^ 



The under surface of the female diana is inconspicuous, and, 

 considering also the restricted range and relative rarity of the 

 species, it is probable that this member of the assemblage of 

 species convergent round philenor is a Batesian mimic. But its 

 resemblance to astyanax supports the conclusion that this latter 

 and the sister-species archippus (and its forms) are Miillerian 

 mimics and the parent arthemis a specially protected species. 

 The resemblance of astyanax to the three species of the section 

 Papilio, as well as the secondary resemblances between the three, 

 similarly supports the conclusion that these mimics are Miillerian. 



I have not hitherto called attention to the paramount need for 

 experimental research and field observations directed to test for 

 the presence of distasteful qualities and to estimate their eft'ect 

 upon enemies of the most varied kinds. It is of the utmost 

 importance that such investigations should be undertaken on the 

 largest possible scale. In the meantime the Miillerian Hypothe- 

 sis appears to explain a series of remarkable relationships which 

 remain coincidences under any other hypothesis. 



The Resemblances Between Limenitis (Adelpha) cali- 

 FORNiCA (BuTL.) and Limenitis (Najas) lorquini 



(BOISD.) 



The examples of Mimicry which we have been considering 

 hitherto are, with the exception of the widespread L. archippus, 

 characteristic of the eastern side of North America. The present 

 instance, the last of the examples known in this portion of the 

 northern land-belt, is found on the Pacific coast. The resem- 

 blances are somewhat crude but of quite remarkable interest. 



Limenitis californica, because of its pattern and colouring, is 

 often placed in Adelpha, a large genus with over seventy species 



^'1. c. 718, 1802; see, however, 266, where Scudder suggests that astyanax 

 may possibly be specially protected. 



