232 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol.11, 



the other American forms of Limenitis except calif ornica as Basil- 

 archia. Even such fleeting characters as the markings show the 

 Old World affinities of lorquini in the strong development of the 

 pale spot in the fore wing cell and the position and form of the 

 pale band crossing both wings. It is to be noted furthermore 

 that its distribution, and especially its extension northward, 

 along the Pacific coast, bring lorquini into closest proximity to 

 the Old World species. 



In certain important respects the upper surface pattern of 

 L. lorquini is certainly mimetic of calif ornica: — 



The conspicuous fulvous apical area of the fore wing; the yel- 

 lowish tint of the band crossing both wings, and, although here 

 the interpretation is less certain, the fulvous marking at the anal 

 angle of the hind wing. 



I. In the first and most important of these points of super- 

 ficial resemblance there is, so far as my experience goes, a much 

 greater average development of the fulvous patch in specimens 

 of lorquini which enter the range of californica in Oregon and 

 California than in those which come from Canada, entirely beyond 

 the range of the model. 



The close relationship between californica and lorquini may 

 incline naturalists to look on their resemblance as due to affinity 

 and not to Mimicry. "It is commonly forgotten that Mimicry, 

 being independent of affinity, occurs between forms of all degrees 

 of relationship, the closest as well as the most remote ; "^^ although 

 of course the latter are eas}^ to interpret, while the former may be 

 excessively difficult. In this case, however, there is neither doubt 

 nor difficulty, for not only is there the geographical coincidence 

 between the model and the average increase of the marking in the 

 mimic, but the fulvous apical marking of lorquini — of a somewhat 

 richer, deeper shade than the tawny patch of californica — is due 

 to the inward growth of a marginal marking, while that of the 

 model occupies a clearly defined sub-marginal and sub-apical 

 position. The resemblance is, in fact, produced by markings 

 which are essentially different ; yet in some of the southern exam- 

 ples of lorquini in which the markings extend inward to the 

 greatest distance the superficial resemblance is very considerable. 



The above stated conclusion that the chief mimetic element 

 of lorquini is on the average subject to considerable strengthen- 

 ing in the southern part of its range, is founded on an examination 



3^ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1908), 482. 



