234 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol.11, 



2. The fuh'ous marking at the anal angle of the hind wing 

 which forms so characteristic a feature of bredowi, is greatly re- 

 duced in calif ornica, approximating to lorquini, which in this 

 respect may be advancing to meet its model (see p. 233.) 



3. The following points concern the band crossing the fore- 

 wing. Owing to the small size of the last spot in californica 

 and the different direction of the spot next to it, the junction 

 between the bands of fore and hind wing forms a step-like break 

 in californica, whereas in bredowi the bands tend to be continuous, 

 approximating more closely to the single smooth streak crossing 

 both wings in the Adelphas. In lorquini this step-like break and 

 want of continuity in direction is even more pronounced. Again, 

 the fore wing band of lorquini — one of its ancestral features — - 

 forrhs with the adjacent hind wing spot, a drawn-out zigzag like 

 a flattened-down W. By a modification in the position and 

 direction of the spots of californica as compared with bredowi, 

 it also gains the appearance of a very flattened W, although a far 

 less regular one than that of lorquini. The resemblance is 

 only superficial; for corresponding spots do not occupy the 

 upper angle of the W in the two species. But the attainment of a 

 likeness by means that are different from those employed in 

 another species supports the interpretation of the resemblance 

 as mimetic. 



Whatever be the true interpretation of the resemblances above 

 described, it is of the utmost importance and interest to stud}" 

 the relative numbers of californica and lorquini at as many differ- 

 ent points as possible in their common range, to observe how far 

 they fl^' together and present the same appearance on the wing 

 and at rest from a little distance, and to test their relative pala- 

 tability on a x'ariety of insect-eating animals found in the same 

 area. 



The following general considerations support the conclusion 

 that californica is not an ancient element in the Pacific fauna of 

 North America, but a comparatively recent intruder from the 

 south — an intruder that has modified the indigenous inhabitant 

 lorquini and has Ijeen also reciprocally modified thereby. 



Limenitis in the broad sense is part of the ancient northern 

 butterfly fauna of North America. It has here split up into sev- 

 eral well-marked species characteristic of the area. It is highly 

 susceptible to mimetic influence — far more so than any other 

 North American group — and contributes the majority of the 



