1908] The Polymorphism of Ants 45 



(7) The phthisaner is a pupal male which in its larval or semi- 

 pupal state has its juices partially exhausted by an Orasema 

 larva. This male is too much depleted to pass on to the imagi- 

 nal stage. The wings are suppressed and the legs, head, thorax, 

 and antennae remain abortive. 



(8) The female (gyne), or queen, is the more highly specialized 

 sex among ants and is characterized, as a rule, by her larger sta- 

 ture and the more uniform development of her organs. The head 

 is well developed and provided with moderately large eyes, 

 ocelli, and mandil)les; the thorax is large (macronotal) and pre- 

 sents all the sclerites of the typical female Hymenopteron ; the 

 gaster is voluminous and provided with well developed repro- 

 ductive organs. The latter possess a receptaculum seminis. 

 The wings and legs are often proportionally smaller than in the 

 male. 



(9) The macrogyne is a female of unusually large stature. 



(10) The microgyne, or dwarf female, is an unusually small 

 female which in certain ants, like Formica microgyna and its 

 allies, is the only female of the species and may be actually smaller 

 than the largest workers. In other ants, like certain species of 

 Leptothorax and Myrmica, microgynes may sometimes be found 

 in the same nests as the typical females. 



(11) The /3-female is an aberrant form of female such as occurs 

 in Lasius latipes, either as the only form or coexisting with the 

 normal female, which is then called the a-female. In this case, 

 therefore, the female is dimorphic. The ^S'-female is character- 

 ized by excess developments in the legs and antennae and in the 

 pilosity of the body, or by defective development of the wings. 



(12) The ergatogyne, ergatomorphic, or ergatoid female, is a 

 worker-like form, with large eyes, ocelli, and a thorax more or less 

 like that of the female, but without wings. Such females occur in 

 a number of species of ants. They have been seen in Myrmecia, 

 Odontomachus, Anochetus, Ponera, Polyergus, Leptothorax, 

 Monomorium and Cremastogaster. There is nothing to prove 

 that they are pathological in origin. In fact, in Monomorium 

 fioricola, and certain species of Anochetus they appear to be the 

 only existing females. In other cases, like Ponera eduardi, as 

 Forel has shown, they occur with more or less regularity in nests 

 with normal workers. They also occur under similar conditions 

 in colonies of the circumpolar P. coarctata, and probably also 

 among other species of the genus. 



