46 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol.1, 



(13) The pseudogyne is a worker-like form with enlarged 

 mesonotum and sometimes traces of other thoracic sclerites of the 

 female but without wings or very rarely with wing vestiges. This 

 form occurs in Formica colonies infested with parasitic beetles 

 of the genera Lomechusa and Xenodusa. 



(14) The phthisogyne arises from a female larva under the 

 same conditions as the phthisaner, and differs from the typical 

 female in the same characters, namely absence of wings, steno- 

 noty, microcephaly and microphthalmy. It is unable to attain 

 to the imaginal instar. 



(15) The worker (ergates) is characterized by the complete 

 absence of wings and a very small (stenonotal) thorax, much sim- 

 plified in the structure of its sclerites. The eyes are small and 

 the ocelli are usually absent or, when present, extremely small. 

 The gaster is small owing to the undeveloped condition of the 

 ovaries. A receptaculum seminis is usually lacking, and the 

 number of the ovarian tubules is greatly diminished. The an- 

 tennas, legs and mandibles are well developed. 



(16) The gynaecoid is an egg-laying worker. It is a physio- 

 logical rather than a morphological phase, since it is probable that 

 all w^orker ants when abundantly fed become able to lay eggs. 

 Wasmann (1904) observed in colonies of Formica rufibarbis that 

 a few workers became gyn^coid and functioned as substitution 

 queens. In colonies of the Ponerine genus Leptogenys (includ- 

 ing the subgenus Lobopelta) , and probably also in Diacamma and 

 Champsomyrmex, the queen phase has disappeared and has been 

 replaced b^^ the gynsecoid worker. 



(17) The dichthadiigyne, or dichthadiiform female is pecuhar 

 to the ants of the subfamily Dorylinas, and probably represents 

 a further development of the gynaecoid. If this view of the origin 

 of the dichthadiigyne is held, the name of this form in the diagram 

 should be transferred to the worker side. It is wingless and sten- 

 onotal, destitute of eyes and ocelli, or with these organs very 

 feebly developed, and with a huge elongated gaster and extra- 

 ordinary, voluminous ovaries. 



(18) The macrergate is an unusually large worker form which 

 is sometimes produced in populous or affluent colonies (Formica, 

 Lasius) . 



(19) The micrergate, or dwarf worker, is a worker of unusually 

 small stature. It appears as a normal or constant form in the 

 first brood of all colonies that are founded by isolated females. 



