Shuif.ldt: Ostkoloov of thk Flamingoes. 315 



small joint of the medius digit. In the pelvic exlrcmily, there is found 

 the femur ; a patella ; the tibio-tarsus and fibula ; the tarso-metatarsus ; 

 and a foot composed of joints arranged on the plan of 2, 3, 4 and 5 

 joints to the first, second, third and fourth toes respectively. 



In the pectoral limb the humerus is the only bone that enjoys a 

 condition of pneumaticity, as is the femur the only one in the pelvic 

 limb. With respect to the humerus the pneumatic foramina are very 

 small indeed and scattered, being found in the shallow pneumatic 

 fossa, and a few in the incisura capitis near the humeral head. In the 

 femur they are very much larger and are found, as usual, on the an- 

 terior aspect of the bone just below the crest of the trochanter major. 

 Apart from being somewhat longer and larger, the hninenis of P. 

 ruber is very like the humerus of Bernicla canadensis. It presents, 

 though not to a very marked degree, the usual sigmoidal curvings of 

 the shaft and extremities ; the former being smooth and subcylindrical 

 in shape. The " radial crest " is long and not very lofty, it being rela- 

 tively higher in Plegadis, shorter, and more rounded. "Incisura 

 capitis " is deep, and well separates the ellipsoidal humeral head from 

 the tuberculum internum. The apex of this latter is flat in the Fla- 

 mingo, whereas the tuberculum externum is rounded. The very reverse 

 of these conditions obtain in Bernicla ; Plegadis has both of these 

 tuberosities, not flat, but slightly concaved. Again, as I have already 

 pointed out, the pneumatic fossa in PJioenicopterus is shallow, and the 

 foramina small and scattered. In the goose the fossa is also shallow, 

 but the single air-hole is unusually large, deep, open, and more or less 

 elliptical in outline. Both in the Ibis and in Bernicla we find a small 

 nutrient foramen near the middle of the humeral shaft ; this character is 

 absent in the humerus of the specimen of Phcenicopterus at hand. At 

 the distal extremity of the bone, the usual fossa found above the troch- 

 lear tubercles on the palmar aspect of the shaft is well marked and 

 individualized in both Flamingo and Bernicla, but not so in Plegadis, 

 where only a shallow, general concavity occupies the same site. In- 

 deed, the characters found at this end of the humerus are quite the 

 same in both the Flamingo and the Goose, with but one exception, for 

 in the latter we meet with a well-marked circumscribed fossa of no 

 great size, just above the trochlea ulnaris on the anconal aspect of 

 the bone, which is not evident in the former nor in Plegadis. In 

 P. ruber the humerus has a length of about 18.8 centimeters in the 

 adult 



