222 Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 



along this serra are reported by SmalF^ near Sao Benedicto, Ibiapina, 

 Jacare, and Vigosa. 



From the bluffs above Jardim, at the southeastern base of Chapada 

 do Araripe, twent5'-seven springs are locally reported to issue. The 

 largest has about the same flow as the suppl}^ at Ipu. It issues in full 

 volume at the base of a bouldery sandstone cliff, ten or fifteen meters 

 below the crest of the chapada, with a temperature of 26° C. (79° F.). 

 Similar springs supply Crato and Sant' Anna do Cariry ; but the west- 

 ern part of the chapada is not so well supplied with springs as the 

 eastern part, possibly because the sandstone dips gently eastward 

 and causes the underground supply to be more easily discharged in 

 that direction. 



On the southwestern side of Chapada do Apody the water supply 

 of Curraes is furnished by a spring of about six liters per minute 

 which issues ten meters below the top of the chapada, at the base of 

 limestone cappings the sandstone beds. A similar spring issues from 

 the same horizon at Olho d'Agua, four kilometers farther south. At 

 Soledade, seven kilometers north of Apody, a spring which comes forth 

 in a grotto in the limestone surface of the chapada, yields per minute 

 five or six liters of hard, calcareous water; and CrandalP^ reports 

 ■another spring five kilometers farther north, and two others on the 

 west side of the chapada. He also records^^ eight springs on the 

 northwestern flank of Serra do Joao do Valle, which is capped with the 

 Cretaceous sandstone, and two springs on the southeastern flank of 

 the adjacent small Serra de Acauan. 



Thermal, and notably mineralized, springs are rare. The occurrence 

 of only two springs of each class, aside from the spring of calcareous 

 water at Soledade, are known to the writer: the thermal springs at 

 Brejo, in Parahyba and at Sipo, in Bahia; and the carbonated springs 

 at Fazenda Cache, in Piauhy and Olho d' Agua Encantada, near 

 Mossoro, in Rio Grande do Norte. Only the first-mentioned was 

 visited by the writer. They are situated ten kilometers north-north- 

 west of Sao Joao, at the base of a granitic hill, at the north border of 

 an area of Cretaceous sandstone. A close contact between fine- 

 grained, white (possibly leached) sandstone and the granite is exposed 

 near the springs. There are three springs, which issue a few meters 



^' Publ. No. 32 of the Inspecloria, pp. 1 19-120. 

 ^^ Publ. No. 4 of the Inspecloria, p. 40. 

 53 Idem, pp. 36-37. 



