242 Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 



I. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. 



1758. Mugil ceplwlus Linn^us, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, p. 316; Europe. — Cuvieh 

 & ValencienxeSj Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI, 1830, p. 307. — Gunthee, Cat. Fish., 

 Ill, 1S61, p. 417; Mediterranean; Coast of Madeira; Nile; fresh-water 

 lakes of Tunis ; west coast of Africa. — Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U. S. 

 Bur. Fish., XXVII, 1908, p. 244 ; Calayan, P. I. — Oshima, Ann. Carneg. 

 Mus., XII, Nos. 2-4, 1919, p. 268; Taihoku. 



Head 3.86 in length; depth 4.42; D. IV-i, 8; A. Ill, 8; P. 17; V. I, 

 5; width of head 1.55 in its length; eye 4.23 in head; interorbital 

 space 2; snout 3.50; first dorsal spine 2.20; depth of caudal peduncle 

 2.66; forty-two scales in a lateral series from gill-opening above to 

 caudal base, thirteen scales in a transverse series counted from vent 

 upward and backward to soft dorsal. 



Body robust, elongate, somewhat compressed; dorsal profile nearly 

 straight, ventral profile broadly rounded; head rather small, broad, 

 its top depressed; snout short and obtuse, broadly rounded anteriorly; 

 interorbital space broad, nearly flat ; mouth subinf erior, slightly 

 oblique, its angle reaching a vertical through posterior nostril; cleft 

 of mouth two times as broad as deep ; mandibular angle obtuse ; lips 

 thin; lower jaw shorter than the upper, with rather sharp outer edge, 

 symphysis forming a short keel, which fits into the corresponding 

 concavity on the roof of the upper jaw; extremity of maxillary not 

 exposed; both jaws with minivte teeth along their outer edges, scarcely 

 visible without lens ; eyes anterior, hidden anteriorly and posteriorly 

 by well-developed adipose eyelid; nostrils separated; anterior nostril 

 in a very short tube; posterior nostril slit-like, in front of eye above. 



Scales large, cycloid; head scaly, those on the top somewhat en- 

 larged; soft dorsal, anal, and pectoral covered with small scales; base 

 of the caudal fin covered with large scales varying in size ; a pointed 

 scaly flap along the base of spinous dorsal. 



Origin of spinous dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of 

 caudal ; soft dorsal inserted behind the origin of anal, anterior ray 

 the longest; pectoral reaching beyond the origin of ventral, but not 

 reaching the spinous dorsal, inserted above the middle of body; ventral 

 a little nearer the root of pectoral than the spinous dorsal ; anal fin 

 opposite the soft dorsal, inserted in advance of the origin of the 

 latter; caudal fin forked. 



Color in alcohol grayish above, lower parts silvery; sides with dark. 



