98 



Insecta. 



by Müller the raised areas had in their centres, not pores, but minute liairs: 

 these may well be modified scales still persisting in some forms, in which case 

 the raised scent-producing areas are modified scale-sockets. 



The anal brushes consist of two eversible membrauous bags, each containing 

 two tufts of hairs rising from sockets, beneath which are cells of a special form. 

 Among the hairs of the brush are a number of minute particles, stellate when 

 Seen singly, but occurring also as segmented elongate bodies. It is almost certain 

 that these are derived from a special segmented kind of hairs, which break into 

 their component segments distally, and which are stellate in section. 



The insect everts the membranous bags like the fingers of a glove and 

 applies the brushes to the scent-patches. It may be supposed that the covering 

 scales of the patch are lifted by one of the tufts of the brush which is composed 

 of stiffer hairs than the other: and that the hairs of the other tuft brush the 

 scent from the scent-producing areas: while the stellate fragments may become 

 impregnated with the scent, and may fioat off and help to diffuse it. 



H. Scott (Cambridge). 



239) Frohawk F. W., Live-history of Argynnis hecate. In: Entomologist, Bd. 46, 

 Heft y, !S. 249—252, 1913. 



Tills paper is a record of observations ou the life-history of this biitterfly, with 

 descriptions ot' the egg, of the larva in its various stages, and of the pupa. The butteriiy 

 oviposits on the stems of Spiraea fiJipendula as low down as cau be reached by the 

 ovipositor, or on the ground between the stems. In such a Situation the eggs are well 

 protected, which is important, since hybernation occurs in the egg-stage. In captivity, 

 eggs were laid in June: some were left out-of-doors tbrough the winter, others were 

 kept indoors, but all atarted hatching early in March. Cold weather retarded develop- 

 ment, so that the first stage was prolonged to 6 weeks, the first moult not occurring 

 tili towards the end of April. The larvae underwent 4 moults The first one to pupate 

 cea.sed feeding and suspended itself on May 25*'', pupating two days later; the pupal 

 stage lat^ted 21 days, the imago emerging on June 17"'. Were the first larval stage not 

 abnormally protracted, the imago would probably emerge in the Brst days of June. 



H. Scott (Cambridge). 



240) Froliawk, F. W., The life-history oi Coenonympha tiphon. In: Entomologist, 

 Bd. 46, Hett 5, S. 145—148, 1913. 



A number of this butterfly were bred through the whole life-cycle in captivity. 

 The eggs were laid singly late in June or in .luly on blades or stems of grass or rushes; 

 they hatched after about a fortnight, the larva eating abuut "4 round the circumferer.ee 

 just below the crown of the egg, and forcing up the crown like a lid. The first mault 

 occurred during August, and the second early in September, in the lattei part of which 

 month the larvae entered into hybernation resting on the basal parts of the grass stems. 

 Some of them commenced feeduig again early in March, during which month they 

 underwent their third moult. The 4*^ and last moult occurred ou or after April ist. The 

 tirst one to ))upate span up on May 10*^1, pupating on May loth. others pupated later, 

 e. g. May 28*^. The imagos emerged in June, the pupal stage lasting a little over 3 weeks. 



H. Scott (Cambridge). 



241) Frohawk, F. W., The life-history of Erehia epiphron. In: Entomologist, 

 Bd. 46, Heft 7, S. 209—213, 1913. 



This butterfly was reared be the author in captivity through all its stages. De- 

 scriptions of the egg, of the larva in its various stages, and of the pupa, are given. Kggs 

 were laid early in July and hatched after 18 days. The larva emerged by eating away 

 the crown of the egg, and immediately after emergence ate a large jjortion of the eg<;- 

 shell. It was extremely sluggish , teeding on grass -blades, chiefly at night. The tirst 

 moult occurred early in August, and the second towards the end of that month. Hyber- 

 nation commenced towards the end of September and lasted about 5 months. Feeding 

 recommeneed early in March, and early in April the larva span up for its S^^ and la>t 

 moult, but owing to cold weather the moult did not occur tili the raiddle of the month. 

 Feeding ceaseJ about the middle of May and pupation occurred a few days after Ihe 

 pupal stage occupies about 21 days. in a wild state the food-plant is the grass Nai-dus 

 stricta, but in captivity the larvae readily ate Poa anima, Festuca ovina and other giasses. 



H. Scott (Cambridge). 



