366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Aug. ^ 



/ 



These are referable to the following groups : 



3. Cerithium Lamarck, 1799; type C. aJuco L. {-\-Pseudovertagus Yig- 



nal, 1904). 



4. CeriY/imm Lamarck, 1801; type C. nodulosum Brug. {=Aluco Link,. 



1807). 

 2. Pyrazus Montfort, 1810; type C. ebcnimim Brug. 

 1. Vertigus (Klein) Schumacher, 1817 (not of Link, lS07)=C7am 



Martyn, 1784 + Rhinoclavis Swainson, 1840. 



It thus appears that, whether we adopt the "first species " rule or the 

 method of "elimination," Martyn's first species becomes his type. 

 Pseudovcrtagus {aluco) is, in my opinion, generically distinct from Clava 

 and much more nearly related to the true Cerites of Adanson and 

 Lamarck (1801). This conclusion is essentially the same as that 

 reached by Pilsbry.^^ 



The date of Gmelin's volume is of general interest to those working 

 in systematic Malacology, so that I have given the details; but for our 

 present purpose it is sufficient to say that Martyn's work (the first 80' 

 plates) is cited throughout Gmelin's volume, and some of his specific 

 names are adopted by Gmelin.^^ This conclusively shows that, what- 

 ever the date of either work, Martyn precedes Gmelin, and Clava 

 Gmelin, non Martyn, becomes a synonym. 



M. Cossmann further suggests that a genus Clavus precedes and 

 reduces Clava Martyn to synonymy. But in this case he has obviously 

 forgotten the fact, patent in any Latin lexicon, that Clava, a club, is a 

 feminine substantive not identical with the masculine Clavus, a naiL 

 The two are as distinct as Pica and Picus. 



In 1884*^ Jousseaume proposed to apply the name Clann to the group' 

 represented by Martyn's Clava tcssellata, a species which is No. 97 

 in his third volume. This course is inadmissible, because tessellata is 

 not one of the original species of 1784, but at earliest dates from 1786. 



The name Clava in Martyn's sense appeared subseciuently among 

 the early writers only once. In the anonymous Museum Calonnianum 

 it is used, practically as Martyn used it, for the whole group of Cerithimn- 

 in the Lamarckian sense. But, as I have hitherto maintained that a 

 work with no ostensible author or publisher is not entitled to be cited 

 as valid in systematic synonymy, I do not consider that this incident 



'^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1901, p. 392. 



"Such as Buccinum scutulatum (Martyn) Gmelin, and Patella cah/ptra (Mar- 

 tyn) Gmelin. See also pp. 3483, 3490, 3498, 3690, 3691, 3697, 3702, and 3712 

 (and many others) for citations by Gmelin of Martyn's figures. 



" Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, IX," p. 23, 1884. 



