272 



and niimerous spines are persecuted just as much as those 

 without them. 



In his derivation of the spines from the secondary bristles and 

 not from the primary ones, Muller is in contradiction with Gruber 

 (1884). In a discussion of the American PapiUonidae and Nym- 

 phalidae Gtruber says (1. e. p. 476). „The PapiUonidae often 

 possess in the first instar warts with spoon-shaped setae and some- 

 times with forked ones which become smaller during the moults 

 and which have sometimes totally disappeared after the first moult. 



„The Nymphalidae have small bristles in the first instar, each 

 apart on an elevation and later on we see large warts with numerous 

 bristles, completely agreeing in number and place with the elevations 

 of the first instar. (See Papilionidae and Nyiiiphalidae, Chapter VI)". 



Scudder (1888) too gives a description of the caterpillars. 



He names the setae, spines etc. after the lines which connect 

 them wnth each other and he distinguishes tw^elve paired and two un- 

 paired lines viz. the dorsal or mediodorsal, subdörsal, laterodorsal, 

 supralateral, laterale infralateral, laterostigmatal, suprastigmatal, 

 stigniatal, infrastigmatal, ventrostigmatal, lateroventral, subventral, 

 ventral or medioventral. 



The italicized lines divide each side of the body in tliree parts 

 which are about equally large. 



Scudder (p. 12) observes: „All of our butterfly caterpilhirs are 

 clothed with hairs . . . ., their arrangement aflFords admirable generic 

 characteristics which have not hitherto been sufficiently appro- 

 priated. It should be stated that juvenile caterpillars in their first 

 stage may be safely said to dififer generically from themselves at 

 a mature epoch. The hairs, spines etc. are phiced in transversal 

 and longitudinal rows, the former are subordinate to the latter". 



On p. 235 Scudder says his opinion on the ancestors is that 

 the surface of the body was profusely covered with littlo papillae 

 from each of which sprang a minute simple hair. In harmony with 

 this he says that the wings too of the first butterfiies were uni- 

 formly dark brown. In the course of this paper I hope to prove 

 that a homogencous spreading of the setae is not a primary 



