310 



Walk. and of full-grown larvae of P. umhmcaluta Gn. and Cha- 

 ragia nirescens Dbld. He also describes the pupa of Forina eer- 

 vinata Walk. and figures, moreover, the last segments with the 

 setae, which are in the same position as on the caterpillar. 



These descriptions too differ in important respects from Fracker. 



Tsou (1914) minutely describes: Hepialus humuli L. and gives 

 the setal maps of many segments. This is the same kind which 

 Fracker examined, but Tsou draws a few more setae. Among 

 other things he puts C.^ on the prothorax on the shield, whilst 

 Fracker draws it as S- on the outside. On abdominal segment 1 

 he places S, between /3 and p and in front of S, (= s) a 

 special seta A. 



Fracker (1915) who considered the prothorax of Hep'xdus 

 mustelinus as the primeval type of the pattern sbonld, by a tho- 

 rough study of the literature, have compared different descriptions 

 and illustrations. I am convinced that the list of the drawings 

 and descriptions of caterpillars of the Hepialids already cited 

 by me, is far from complete. When a student attaches so much 

 importance to a certain family, as Fracker does, I think it only 

 right, that he should make as far as possible a complete perusal 

 of the existing literature and that he should not confine himself 

 to one special type, which accidently proves to be suitable for a 

 certain hypothesis. And the more so where the other Jugatae : the 

 Eriocephalidae and Micropterygidae show so many deviations from 

 this type. Fracker himself described full-grown larvae of H. huinidi^ 

 H. heefus and H. Inpidmus. I have already discussed his investi- 

 gations in the chapter on the nomenclature. 



Hepialus hectm Linn. 



Instar I. Length 1 mm. Duration? Material in alcohol, col- 

 lected at Groningen 1914, from eggs, bought in Germany. Plate 

 X, fig. 22, 23, 24. 



The head of this caterpillar, the smallest, which I have examined, 

 is relatively large, to wit more than '/a P^i"* of ^^i^ length of the 

 body. Tlu' upper-jaws are strongly developed. There are many 



