370 



There are many secondary setae, sometimes in tufts or pencils. 



It seems to me that as fuU-fed larvae most kinds possess a 

 homogeneous distribution of the setae. 



The verrueae of Thestor hallus F. (coU. Kall.) I consider to 

 be r. dorsalis, v. infrastigmalis^ v. hasalis. 



Family Pieridae. 



Although these insects are very numerous and have long ser- 

 ved for investigations (even Swammerdam directed his attention 

 to P. brmsime), still opinions differ a great deal concerning them. 



J. F, VAN Bemmelen confined himself in 1912 to a comparison 

 between the pattern of a full-grown eaterpillar of P. hrassicae and the 

 pupae of various Pieridae, Vcmessa spec. and Papilionidae and foimd 

 patterns whieh harmonized fairly well (compare chap. III and YII). 



FoRBEs (1910?) thinks, according to Fracker (p. 136) that 

 the chalazae — large spots hearing the setae — have eome from 

 primary hairs. 



Fracker (1915, p. 136) denies tliis. 



BucKLER (1886, Part I p. 148 sqq. PI. II sqq.) gives long 

 descriptions of various Pieridae, with illustrations of different instars. 



Very conspieuous is on PI. III fig. Ih. P. daplidice, which also 

 by HüBNER (1786, Vol. I) has been represented as possessing a 

 setal pattern just like tliat of P. hrassieae in instar /. 



The only one, who as far as I know, has occupied himself 

 with a similar investigation about the ontogenesis of the chalazae, 

 is Frohawk (1914). It is a pity that this careful stiidy will 

 probably be unattainable for most entomologists. 



Frohawk also draws this eaterpillar, but in the last instar sub- 

 stitutes tliis primary pattern by a homogeneous distribution of 

 the setae. Probably the first-mentioned writers have studied a 

 younger instar or elsewise have met with deviating individuals 

 keeping the old pattern. 



HoRSFiELD and Moore give (1857, Vol. I, PI. I, fig. 13, 14) 

 a similar drawing of Pieris encharis Drury and /-'. helisama Cramer. 



Sharp gives (1901, II p. 358) a drawing of Kacldoe eardamiiies 

 instar I with bifurcated glandular hairs in the primitive arrange- 



